Respiratory Flashcards
Treatment for an aspergillosis infection
Clotrimazole (65% 1 treatment/87% multiple - Topical/systemic)
Itraconazole (60-70% success)
Ketoconazole (40-60%)
Cryptococcus
Yeast/fungus - occurs in nasal cavities/sinuses/ lungs of cats
Can widely disseminate
Pigions considered a vector
About 20% of the time there is ocular/CNS involvement
PAS stain is useful for diagnosis
Cryptococcus diagnosis & treatment
Swab or an FNA of a mass PAS stain Latex agglutination - detecting antigen Treatment: Fluconazole (better) Itraconazole
4 differentials for sneezing in cats
Upper respiratory tract infection (Viral etc) ->
Mycotic infection
Nasal polyp
Foreign body
Upper respiratory tract infections in cats that are common are:
FHV1 calicivirus Bordetella bronchiseptica Chlamydiophila felis Mycoplasmas
How do I tell the difference?
FHV1
calicivirus
Chlamydiophila felis
Calicivirus has stomatitis
Herpes & chlamydia will have conjunctivitis, but with herpes you can also get corneal ulcerations
Feline Herpes 1 Drugs
Famciclovir
Interferon
L-lysine
Drugs used to treat secondary bacterial upper reps tract infections in cats.
Doxycylicine (broad-spectrum antibiotic of the tetracycline group, long half-life)
Beta-lactams(Amoxicilin, Clavamox)
Two common cat vaccines for a upper respiratory infection
FHV1 Calicivirus (still can shed after)
Differentials for coughing puppy
Canine infectious Tracheobronchitis
Collapsed trachea
Foreign body
Bronchopneumonia
4 causes of canine infectious Tracheobronchitis
Canine Adenovirus Bordetella bronchoseptica Canine Parainfluenza Canine respiratory coronavirus (Dry, hacking, paroxysmal cough most common sign & May have nasal discharge (purulent))
Treatment for canine infectious Tracheobronchitis
Clavamox, Doxycycline
Antitussives if non-productive cough (Butorphanol, Hydrocodone)
Possibly bronchodilators
Prevention for canine infectious Tracheobronchitis
Bordetella bronchoseptica & parainfluenza vaccine +/- canine adenovirus
What if cough persists for more than 1-2 weeks?
Thoracic rads CBC Airway sampling \+/- infectious disease testing (can be a secondary bacterial infection)
Acute dyspnea in a cat with gray MM - differentials?
Asthma Heart disease (HCM, heart failure) Airway parasites (lungworms, heartworms) Neoplasia Pneumonia
Heart disease v.s Asthma in a case of acute dyspnea
Heart disease - low temp, murmur
Asthma - wheeze & coughing
Radiographic findings on a cat with bronchial disease
Bronchiole pattern: donuts mucus plugs (nodules) atelectasis air trapping (areas of increased lucency)
NT-proBNP
Tests for N-terminal pro-brain naturitic peptide. This is high during heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, volume overload etc and especially HCM
Acute treatment for asthma
O2
Bronchodilator
IV catheter
Gentle handling
Long-term treatment for asthma
corticosteroids prednisone or prenisilone Fluticazone Bronchodilators: Salbutamol or albulerol Cyproheptadine (for appetite, but also asthma)
Salbutamol
Salbutamol: a synthetic compound related to aspirin, used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma and other conditions involving constriction of the airways
Treatment for chronic bronchitis in dogs (everything else ruled out)
Corticosteroids
Weight loss
Cough suppressants if non-productive
Bronchodilators (B2 = salbutemol), theophyline
Pulmonary paranchymal disease
Pneumonia (aspiration, viral, bacterial fungal)
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
pneumonia - findings on rads, white blood cell types
interstitial to alveolar radiographic pattern
tends to be ventral (or right middle lung lobe)
Neutrophilia common
Hypoxemia common
Common pathogens causing pneumonia
e.coli
staph & strep
pasteurella
Bordetella
Antibiotic selection for pneumonia
Mild: amoxicillin (+/- clavulanic acid), ampicillin, cephalexin/cefazolin (1st generation cephlosporins)
Severe: add a fluoroquinolone (e.g. enroflocaxin) or amino glycoside
Long course (4-6 weeks)
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils
Hypersensitivity?
Tied to heartworms/lungworms/construction sites
Thick opaque fluid with eosiniophils mostly but some neutrophils and basophils
Treatment: corticosteroids & fenbendazole (benzimadazole)
bronchovesicular sounds
full inspiratory phase with a shortened and softer expiratory phase
Fungal lung diseases in dogs
Blastomyces Histoplasma capsulatum (south) Coccidiodes immitus (south)
Blastomyces
Pulmonary infection is most common
Lymph nodes, skin, bones, subQ, eyes
Looks like neoplasia on rads
Can find with rads, sampling, urine antigen EIA,
Treat with itraconazole, short term corticosteroids, probably need for 12 weeks (4 weeks after loss of rad signs)
Thymoma
from thymic epithelium
often large breed female dogs
cranial mediastinum
Tied to myesthenia gravis
