Respiratory

Question 1

Disorders that contribute to COPD

Answer 1

Asthma
Bronchitis
Emphysema

Question 2

Asthma

Answer 2

Smooth muscle spasm, inflammation and mucus production in bronchioles.

Question 3

Asthma: pathogenesis

Answer 3

Mast cell breakdown to liberate proinflammatory substances (leukotrienes, bradykinins, histamines, prostaglandins).

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Question 4

Asthma, aspirin & NSAIDS

Answer 4

May deregulate leukotrienes and increase asthma

Question 5

COPD

Answer 5

Degenerative state involving significance of lung competence.

Reduced ventilation.

Question 6

Difference between asthma and COPD

Answer 6

Asthma is reversible

Question 7

Allergic rhinitis

Answer 7

Signs and symptoms (mostly nose and eyes) which occur in response to breathing in allergens.

Hay fever
Often coexists with asthma

Question 8

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 8

Increased mucus activity and congestion
Productive cough

Degenerative changes to clearance functions of lungs

Cough for 3 months of the year over 2 years.

Question 9

Emphysema

Answer 9

Degenerative condition in which large spaces develop in place of alveoli clusters.

Destruction of elastin protein

Question 10

Antihistamines

Answer 10

Block histamine type 1 and 2 receptors.

Desloratidine
Fexofenadine
Diphenhydramine

Question 11

Difference between drowsy and non-drowsy antihistamines.

Answer 11

Non-drowsy doesn’t cross BBB.

Question 12

Antihistamines: adverse effects

Answer 12

Dizziness drowsiness

Nausea

Question 13

Airway diameter can be constructed by

Answer 13

Inflammation
Hyperresponsiveness of air passage
Reflex bronchoconstriction

Question 14

Drugs that increase airway diameter

Answer 14

Short-acting bronchodilators

Long-acting bronchodilators

Inhaled anticholinergics

Question 15

Short-acting bronchodilators

Answer 15

Ex: salbutamol

Treats asthma & COPD

Binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors

–> bronchdilation, mucous reduction

Question 16

Short acting bronchodilators: adverse effects

Answer 16

Increased BP, dysrhythmias, hypokalemia (low K+)
Diabetic ketoacidosis

Increased seizure risk

Paradoxical bronchoconstriction

Question 17

Short term bronchodilators: massage

Answer 17

Postural hypotension

No tapotement for asthma

Question 18

Long acting bronchodilators

Answer 18

Ex. Formoterol, salmeterol

Bind to beta 2 receptors –> bronchodilation, mucous reduction

Asthma, COPD

Question 19

Long acting bronchodilators: adverse effects

Answer 19

Less CV effect than short acting.

Hyperglycemia

Paradoxical bronchospasm

Question 20

Inhaled anticholinergics

Answer 20

Used for COPD not asthma (cannot stop acut attack)

Decrease PNS so decrease mucous, increase bronchodilation

Tioteopium
Iprateopium

Question 21

Inhaled anticholinergic: adverse effects

Answer 21

Paradoxical bronchospasm

Dysrhythmias (tachycardia)
Hypotension

Dry mouth

Urinary retention

Question 22

Drugs that manage respiratory congestion

Answer 22

Inhaled corticosteroids

Decongestants

Question 23

Inhaled corticosteroids

Answer 23

Fluticasone
Mometasone
Budesonide

Asthma, COPD

Like oral corticosteroids
Reduce inflammation,

Limited to respiratory tract

Question 24

Inhaled corticosteroids: adverse effects

Answer 24

Hyperglycemia

Headache

Question 25

Inhaled corticosteroids: massage

Answer 25

Stubborn headache

Immunocompromise – hygiene

Question 26

Decongestants

Answer 26

Oxymetazoline
Phenylephrine
Pseudo ephedrine (sudafed)

Bind to alpha-1 adrenoreceptors; decrease blood flow through nasal mucosa, decrease congestion

Question 27

Decongestants: adverse effects

Answer 27

Tachyplexis (quick loss of drug effectiveness)

High BP
Tachycardia

Question 28

Antitussives

Answer 28

Cough suppressants

DM: Some depress cough centre in CNS

Antihistamines: inhibit irritation in respiratory tract

BenzonanAte: local anaesthetic