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Patho Exam 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

In what part of the respiratory system are resident flora present?

A

In the upper respiratory system

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2
Q

What structural feature of the trachea keeps it stable and entact?

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

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3
Q

Describe Alveoli

A

Air sacs lined with simple squamous epithelia and surfactant to maintain inflation of alveoli. They are also the site of gas exchange.

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4
Q

What can be an issue with antibiotics in regards of flora?

A

Antibiotics can destroy resident flora and possibly lead to a yeast infection.

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5
Q

Describe ventilation

A

Ventilation is the process of acquiring oxygen (inspiration) + eliminating carbon dioxide (expiration) from the blood

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6
Q

What law do the lungs operate under?

A

Boyle’s law

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7
Q

What does Boyle’s Law determine?

A

The concept that air will move from high concentration to low concentration

  • When we inhale, the movement of the muscles creates negative pressure in the lungs; the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmosphere, leading air to move in
  • When we exhale, the muscles relax, placing pressure on the chest cavity thus increasing the pressure inside the chest cavity; the pressure inside is now greater than the atmosphere, so air expels.
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8
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air exchanged with normal inhalation and normal exhalation (TV) (Typically 500 mL)

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9
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air remaining after maximum expiration (RV)

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10
Q

Inspiratory Reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air inhaled after normal inhalation

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11
Q

Expiratory Reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air exhaled after passive/normal exhalation

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12
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximum inspiration

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13
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The maximum amount of air inhaled

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14
Q

FEV 1

A

The amount of air forcibly exhaled in 1 second after maximum inspiration

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15
Q

Describe the pathway to hyperventilation

A

Increased PCO2 in blood and CSF lowers the pH

  • This drop in pH stimulates the chemoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors trigger the inspiratory muscles
  • increases respiratory rate (hyperventilation)
  • increased respiratory rate removes more CO2 from the body
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16
Q

Describe the pathway to hypoventilation

A

Decreased PCO2 in blood and CSF increases pH

  • Rise in pH decreases stimulation of chemoreceptors
  • decreases action of inspiratory muscles –> decreases respiratory rate (hypoventilation)
  • slower respiratory rate retains more CO2
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17
Q

Describe diffusion

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the alveolar capillary auctions (ACJ)

  • O2 into the cells
  • PCO2 escape the body through the lungs
18
Q

What law determines diffusion?

A

Dalton’s Law

Gases move based on pressure gradient

19
Q

Describe diffusion of inspired air with Dalton’s Law

A

Inspired air has high PO2 and low PCO2, where as the blood in our lungs (to be expelled) body have low PO2 and high PCO2 –> thus the pressure gradient allows O2 to be pulled into the blood and CO2 to be released into the alveoli

20
Q

What is the typical VQ ration?

A

0.9 : 1

21
Q

How much oxygen are dissolved in plasma?

A

1%

22
Q

Where are most oxygen?

A

Bound reversibly to hemoglobin = oxyhemoglobin

23
Q

What % of CO2 are present in plasma?

A

7%

24
Q

What % are reversibly bound to CO2?

A

20%

25
Q

Where are most CO2?

A

In the red blood cells

26
Q

What enzyme helps carbon dioxide transportation?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

27
Q

In what form does carbon dioxide travel in the blood?

A

Carbonic acid

28
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Carbonic acid helps break down carbonic acid into CO2 and H2O and vice versa, thus facilitating transport of CO2 from tissues to blood and from blood to alveolar air

29
Q

What are the 4 categories of altered ventilation?

A
  1. obstruction of restriction of airflow
  2. inhibition of neural stimulation
  3. altered ACJ (increased thickness or decreased surface area)
  4. deceased partial pressure
30
Q

Describe pneumococcal sputum

A

Rusty sputum - because RBCs are mixed in

31
Q

What kind of sputum does bronchiectasis produce?

A

Lots of purulent + odor

32
Q

Asthma, cystic fibrosis produce…

A

thick, tenacious mucus

33
Q

What kind of sputum would be present in pulmonary edema?

A

Hemolytic (blood-tinged)

34
Q

What kind of breathing pattern is smooth and even with expiration > inspiration? (normal)

A

Eupnea

35
Q

What kind of breathing is rapid but shallow?

A

Tachypnea

36
Q

What kind of breathing is slow but deep?

A

Bradypnea

37
Q

Describe hypoventilation (breathing pattern)

A

Slow but shallow)

38
Q

Apnea

A

Cessation of breathing

39
Q

Normal/Increased rate and increased depth

A

Hyperpnea

40
Q

What kind of breathing pattern is seen in stroke?

A

Cheyne-Stokes

41
Q

Ataxic breathing

A

Periods of apnea alternating with irregular spurts of shallow breaths

42
Q

Apneusis

A

Long, gasping breaths with inspiratory > expiration

Patho Exam 2 (4 decks)

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