Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the signs of increased respiratory effort in children?

A 
Childs position and use of accessory muscles
Recession - IC and SC
Nasal Flaring and Grunting 
Head bobbing
Increased RR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe some of the signs of respiratory inadequacy in children

A

Increased HR
Change in skin colour
Decreased mental state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe normal respiratory rates in children of different ages.

A

Infant 30-40
1-5 years - 25-30
5-12 years - 20-25
>12 years - 15-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe some of the core clinical features of cystic fibrosis

A

Persistant, loose cough, productive of purulent sputum with chronic chest infections
Failure to thrive - due to pancreatic ducts being blocked leading to pancreatic enzyme deficiency and malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do the majority children with CF present in this country?

A

Majority are picked up as newborns from the heel-prick Guthrie test screen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe how newborns with CF may present with meconium ileus.

A

10-20% present with meconium ileus - causing intestinal obstruction - vomiting, abdo distension and failure to pass meconium within first few days of life. Most require surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the two patterns of wheeze seen in young children.

A

TRANSIENT - episodic wheeze associated with common cold, usually resolves by age 5
PERSISTANT AND RECURRENT - Frequent wheeze, triggered by many stimuli, lasts beyond pre-school years. If evidence of allergy = atopic asthma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the core features of Asthma?

A

Wheeze, cough, beathlessness, tight chest.
Diurnal Variation (worse at night and early morning), e.g. nocturnal cough
Symptoms have triggers e.g. dogs, cigarrette smoke, pollen, dust
Interval symptoms - symptoms between acute exacerbations
Personal or family Hx of Atopy
Positive response to asthma therapy (reversible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What clinical signs would indicate a child was in a severe acute asthma attack?

A

SpO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What signs indicate a child is becoming exhausted - LIFE THREATENING?

A 
Hypotension
Confusion/Coma
Silent Chest
Cyanosis
Decreased Respiratory Effort
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How might a child with a pneumonia present?

A

Fever & Difficulty Breathing
+/- cough, lethargy, poor feeding
Localised chest, neck or abdo pain is a sign of pleural irritation and suggests bacterial infection
Usually preceded by an URTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the common organisms causing pneumonia in the different age groups?

A

Newborn - organisms from mums genital tract, particularly GBS
Infants and Pre-School - viruses e.g. RSV Bacterial e.g. Strep Pneumoniae and Hib
>5 yrs - Strep pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What might be the clinical signs on examination in a child with pneumonia?

A

Increased RR, increased rep effort. Fever. Decreased O2 sats. May be end inspiratory crackles over affected area - however classic signs of consolidation are often absent in young children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Croup? And what is another name for it?

A

Viral URTI

Layngotracheobronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the peak incidence of croup?

A

Can occur from 6 months to 6 years of age, but peak incidence is in the second year of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What pathogen causes Croup?

A

Viral - usually parainfluenza virus

17
Q

What are the core clinical features of Croup?

A

Barking cough, harsh stridor, hoarse voice.

Usually preceded by fever and coryzal symptoms

18
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Croup?

A

Symptoms are caused by mucosal inflammation and increased secretions affecting the airway.
Can get oedema of the sub-glottic area which is potentially dangerous as it may result in critical narrowing of the trachea.

19
Q

Briefly outline the management of Croup

A

Mild - managed at home
Moderate - Severe - inpatient, inhaled or oral steroids, nebulised adrenaline, very few need intubation due to inhaled steroid use.

20
Q

What is Bronchiolitis?

A

It is a viral LRTI

21
Q

What age is the peak incidence of Bronchiolitis?

A

90% are aged 1-9 months

rarely affects infants > 1 year

22
Q

What is the commonest viral pathogen causing Bronchiolitis? What other viruses can be responsible?

A

RSV in 80% of cases.

Others include- human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza

23
Q

What are the clinical features of bronchiolitis?

A

Coryzal Symptoms followed by dry cough and increasing breathlessness
Feeding difficulty due to dyspnoea
Recurrent apnoea is a serious complication

24
Q

What would you hear on the chest of an infant with bronchiolitis?

A

Widespread fine inspiratory crepitations

25
Q

What is the management of bronchiolitis?

A

SUPPORTIVE
Have a low threshold for admitting infants, for supportive oxygen, feeding and fluids.
Infection control methods are vital as it is highly infectious.

26
Q

What is the prognosis of Bronchiolitis?

A

Most infants recover from the acute infection in 2 week
As many as half will have recurrent episodes of cough and wheeze
Rarely usually following adenovirus infection the illness may result in permanent damage to the airways - bronchiolitis obliterans.

27
Q

What can be given to high risk infants to prevent them from developing bronchiolitis?

A

Monthly IM injection of monoclonal antibody palivizumab.

28
Q

What is the biggest cause of anaphylaxis in children?

A

Food allergy (85%)

29
Q

Describe some of the presenting features of anaphylaxis

A

Itching, Sweating D&V, erythema, urticaria, oedema of larynx, lids, tongue, lips
Leading to wheeze, laryngeal obstruction, cyanosis
Leading to tachycardia and hypotension

30
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis?

A 
Type 1 (IgE mediated) 
IgE binds to mast cells causing systemic release of histamine
31
Q

What three drugs are given to treat anaphylaxis?

A

ADRENALINE

+ antihistamines and steroids

32
Q

What symptoms might a child show if they were in heart failure?

A 
BABIES
Breathlessness - particularly on feeding(does baby change colour during feeds)
Poor feeding,weight faltering
CHILDREN
Breathlessnes on exertion - decreased activity levels or lying down
Cold peripheries
Cyanosis of facial oedema 
Recurrent chest infections
33
Q

How might we classify the causes of heart failure in children?

A

CONGENITAL
i.e. something structurally wrong with the heart, presents before 6 months of age
ACQUIRED
Can be from any acquired cause of heart dysfunction or structural abnormality, can present at any age

34
Q

What investigations are done in a baby who has suspected bronchiolitis?

A

Nasopharyngeal Aspirate for Virology
CXR not routinely indicated
Measure O2 sats, can do blood gas if severe

Paediatrics (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions