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Systems 1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily exhaled following a maximum inspiration is called what?

A

Vital Capacity

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2
Q

The volume of air that can be voluntarily forcibly exhaled after normal expiration is?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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3
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The volume left in lungs after normal expiration (ERV+RV)

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4
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume of air in the lungs that cannot be voluntarily expired

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5
Q

What is the name of the air breathed in or out at rest?

A

Tidal volume

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6
Q

What is the value of tidal volume?

A

500ml

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7
Q

What is the value of residual volume?

A

1200ml

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8
Q

What is the value of expiratory reserve volume?

A

1100ml

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9
Q

What is the value of the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3000ml

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10
Q

What is the value of the inspiratory capacity?

A

3500ml (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume)

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11
Q

What is the volumes make up the vital capacity?

A 
Expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
OR
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
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12
Q

What is the value of the vital capacity

A

4600ml

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13
Q

What makes up the functional residual capacity and what is its value?

A 
Expiratory reserve volume (1100ml)
Residual volume (1200ml)
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14
Q

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

A

The external intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract and thoracic volume increases.

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15
Q

Mr Tickle has a respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 800ml. If his residual volume measures 1000ml and his dead space volume measures 200ml what is Mr Tickle’s alveolar ventilation?

A

6000ml/min

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16
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in mixed venous blood is typically around?

A

40mmHg (5.3kPa)

17
Q

True or False

Carbon Monoxide poisoning reduced the arterial partial pressure of oxygen

A

False

Oxygen concentration in solution is not affected

18
Q

Arterial PCO2 level are elevated in chronic lung disease? True or False

A

True

Due to poor alveolar ventilation

19
Q

Nitrous oxide is a safe sedative to use in chronic lung disease? True or False

A

False

20
Q

Chronic lung disease sufferers are said to be on what respiratory drive?

A

Hypoxic drive

21
Q

When perfusion exceeds ventilation in L/min the blood is referred to as what?

A

Shunt

22
Q

A 59 year old man with known squamous carcinoma of the lung is admitted to hospital as an emergency with abdominal pain, constipation and confusion
The most appropriate investigation would be:
a) Bronchoscopy
b) CXR
c) Mediastinoscopy
d) Sputum cytology
e) Serum calcium

A

E

23
Q

A 79 year old woman with a peripheral spiculated opacity on CXR and an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node.
The most appropriate investigation would be:
a) Bronchoscopy
b) CT thorax
c) Fine needle aspiration
d) Lung function tests
e) sputum cytology

A

C

24
Q

A 55 year old business man complains of daytime somnolence. He normally sleeps 5 hours per night except on holiday when he will sleep 9 hours per night. His sleep study shows an Apnoea Hypopnea Index of 5 per hour.
What is the diagnosis?

A

Poor sleep hygiene

25
Q

A 38 year old with exacerbation of asthma is too tired to do a peak flow. What will his pH, PaCO2 and PaO2 values be compared to normal?

A 
pH = Lowered
PaCO2 = Raised
PaO2 = Lowered
26
Q

The British Thoracic Guidelines for the treatment of chronic asthma recommend that a patient with newly diagnosed asthma who is waking up at night because of asthma should be on:

a) Inhaled Beta-2 agonist and leukotriene receptor antagonist
b) Inhaled beta-2 agonist
c) ICS and inhaled beta-2 agonist
d) Inhaled leukotriene antagonist
e) Inhaled sodium chromoglycate

A

C

27
Q

What is the clinical term for coughing up blood?

A

Haemoptosis

28
Q

A 62 year old male smoker has coughed up blood 4 times during the past 1 month. His appetite has been poor and he has lost 1 stone during this period.
What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Lung cancer

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of lung cancer?

A 
Clubbing
Hepatomegally
Lymphadenopathy
Tracheal deviation
SVC obstruction
30
Q

Give two imaging techniques which can be used to determine the extent of lung cancer

A

CXR
CT Scan
MRI scan

31
Q

What are the 4 major histological types of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer

32
Q

List 4 organs or tissues to which lung cancer spreads

A 
Brain, 
Skin, 
Adrenal glands, 
Liver
Lymph nodes
Bone
33
Q

List 6 possible clinical signs in a patient with left lower lobe pneumonia/consolidation

A 
Dull percussion
Tachypnoea
Tachycardia
Fever
Cyanosis
Decreased lung expansion on that side
Bronchial breathing
34
Q

name 3 micro-organisms which are most commonly responsible for pneumonia in a young healthy individual

A

Streptococcus pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Coxiella burnetti
Chlamydia psittaci

35
Q

What two classes of antibiotics should be used to treat pneumonia before a bacterial diagnosis is reached?

A

Beta-lactam and macrolide

36
Q

Apart from oxygen what do you use to treat a patient with pneumonia?

A

Oxygen
IV fluids
Analgesia

37
Q

Apart from imaging what other investigations would you perform on a suspected cancer patient?

A

Biopsy (Bronchoscopy or percutaneous), Pulmonary function test

38
Q

What are the investigations for pneumonia?

A 
CXR
Sputum Cytology
FBC
ESR/CRP
Blood culture
Serology

Systems 1 (3 decks)

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