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Structure and Function Test 3 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

How is the respiratory system divided anatomically? Functionally?

A 
Anatomical:  Upper division (pharynx/larynx up)
Lower division (larynx down)
Functional:  Conducting (passageway for air)
Respiratory (exchange portion of carbon dioxide for oxygen)
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2
Q

What are the three separate processes of respiration?

A

Ventilation, gas exchange, and oxygen utilization

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3
Q

Moving air through the system in the act of breathing

A

ventilation

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4
Q

transport of gases across diffusion membranes to lungs and body tissues. Molecular movement of air.

A

Gas exchange

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5
Q

Cell respiration occurring in the mitochondria

A

Oxygen utilization

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6
Q

Gas exchange between air and blood.

A

External respiration

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7
Q

Gas exchange between blood and tissues and the reactions that utilize oxygen

A

Internal respiration

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8
Q

Parts of conducting division anatomically

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree

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9
Q

What are the functions of the pseudostratified ciliated epithelial lining of the nose? (with goblet cells)

A
  1. Warm (air needs to be close to body temp to preserve heat)
    2, Moisten (dry air can dry out alveoli)
  2. Clean the incoming air (particles that make it to the lungs can stay there forever).
  3. Olfaction (nasal cavity, upper medial portion)
  4. Affects quality of voice, resonance.
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10
Q

What are the lymphoid organs of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx: adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
Oropharynx: palatine and lingual tonsils

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11
Q

What connects nasal and oral cavities to the larynx?

A

Pharynx

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12
Q

Upper portion of the pharynx that includes the uvula, auditory tubes, and adenoids.

A

Nasopharynx

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13
Q

Middle portion of the pharynx between soft palate and hyoid bone. Contains palatine and lingual tonsils.

A

Oropharynx

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14
Q

Lower portion of the pharynx from hyoid to larynx.

A

Laryngopharynx.

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15
Q

Cartilaginous box composed of nine cartilages.

A

Larynx

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16
Q

Aids in closing the glottis during swallowing

A

Epiglottis.

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17
Q

Provides support for vocal folds

A

Cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage

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18
Q

Elevate the larynx during swallowing, help close glottis.

A

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

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19
Q

Change the length/position/tension of vocal cords.

A

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

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20
Q

Rigid, 4 inch tube composed by C-shaped cartilages that allow changes in diameter.

A

Trachea

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21
Q

Division of the trachea into two bronchi occurs where?

A

Strong cartilage of the carina. Left and right primary bronchi are formed.

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22
Q

What are the exchange structures of the bronchial tree?

A

Alveoli.

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23
Q

How does broncomotion (constriction/dilation) happen?

A

Terminal bronchioles are laden with smooth muscle which allows this motion.

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24
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory surface?

A
  1. Warms incoming air
  2. Traps particles in mucus
  3. Moves trapped particulates and mucus upward toward pharynx about 1-2 cm/min.
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25
Q

Where does the actual gas exchange of the lungs take place?

A

Pulmonary alveloi

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26
Q

How many individual alveoli do we have, and what surface area does it cover?

A

300 million individual alveoli covering 60-80 square meters. (body surface = 2 sq. meters)

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27
Q

Types of cells that make up alveolar walls

A

Type 1 (thinner) and type II (Thicker)

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28
Q

Vertical slit where pulmonary vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter.

A

Mediastinal surface (hilum)

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29
Q

Right lung has ___ lobes, left lung has ___ lobes.

A

R lung has 3, L lung has 2

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30
Q

When pressure in the lungs is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure, we experience:

A

Inspiration

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31
Q

When pressure in the lungs is slightly higher than atmospheric pressure, we experience:

A

Expiration

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32
Q

Pressure in pleural cavity

A

Intrapleural pressure

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33
Q

Pressure in the lung itself

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

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34
Q

What keeps the two pleural layers normally stuck very close together with no gas in between?

A

Surface tension (from water) and physical forces (elastic fibers)

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35
Q

Elasticity of lungs exerts a (constant, varying) (inward, outward) tension, force of chest wall exerts a (constant, varying) (inward, outward) force. This generates the pressure changes of ventilation.

A

elasticity:CONSTANT INWARD

chest wall: VARYING OUTWARD

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36
Q

During inspiration, outward movement of thoracic wall structures causes ________ pressure to be ______ atmospheric. (~3 mmHg)

A

intra-alveolar pressure, below atmospheric

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37
Q

Intrapleural pressure is constantly _______ relative to atmospheric.

A

NEGATIVE. If air CAN enter this space, it WILL. “Pneumothorax” – complete or partial collapse of lung. Most negative during full inspiration.

38
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is ______ during inspiration and _____ during expiration.

A

negative, positive

39
Q

The ability to expand in response to pressure differences.

A

Compliance

40
Q

Rebound character of lungs with recoil tendency

A

Elasticity

41
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

Produced by TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS, surfactant LOWERS the relatively high surface tension of water, so tissue forces can keep small alveoli inflated. They would normally want to collapse in on themselves and form one large alveoli if it were not for this substance. Surfactant becomes more effective as alveoli are smaller. This agent is not produced until late in fetal life though, and may cause hyaline membrane disease (respiratory distress of the newborn).

42
Q

Quiet inspiration: process, go!

A

Mainly accomplished by diaphragm.

  1. External intercostals contract. Parasternal intercostals lift ribs and increase thorax volume laterally and anteriorly (bucket handle).
  2. Assessory muscles contract (scalenes, pectoralis, sternocleidomastoids) lift ribs anteriorly.
43
Q

Quiet expiration vs forced expiration

A

Quiet: passive process; elasticity of lungs and thorax. Forced: contraction of internal intercostals. Pulls ribs downward and inward.

44
Q

Attached high to low, pulls ribs up and out, using during forced inhalation, superficial to II

A

External intercostals

45
Q

Attached low to high, pulls ribs down and in, used during forced expiration, deep to EI.

A

Internal intercostals.

46
Q

Significance of anatomical dead space

A

Volume in the non-respiratory space (conducting zone) which doesn’t participate in diffusion. This volume helps dilute fresh air with each breath. TV must be greater than DS to cause any gas exchange at all.

47
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Anatomical dead space plus functionally non-exchanging regions of the lung. If ventilation is not as efficient, need to change depth of breathing to compensate.

48
Q

While spirometry is useful in analysis of pulmonary functions, what does it NOT measure?

A

Gas exchange! Which is the ROLE of the lungs! So, you can ventilate the heck out of alveoli, but if the membrane is damaged you’re not going to exchange any gases anyway.

49
Q

What two things does the diffusion rate depend on?

A

Thinness of the membrane and partial pressure gradient (Palv - Pblood)

50
Q

P gradients for O2 (room air vs alveolar air)

A

Pair = 160 mmHg. Palv= 100 mmHg

51
Q

P gradients for CO2 (room air vs alveolar air)

A

Pair = nearly 0 (<1 mmHg) Palv = 40 mmHg

52
Q

Water vapor exerts a saturated pressure of what?

A

47 mmHg

53
Q

Gases dissolved in a liquid express ______ P in the liquid as in the gas.

A

The same pressure. Blood gas instruments measure this equilibrium P.

54
Q

Pressure of O2 and CO2 leaving tissues entering lungs (venous)

A 
PO2= 40
PCO2 = 45
55
Q

Pressure of O2 and CO2 leaving lungs going to tissues (arterial)

A 
PO2 = 100
PCO2= 40
56
Q

Why are the important measures of blood gas arterial?

A

Tissue demands deplete O2 and produce CO2 relative to their local perfusion. No change in concentration of blood occurs in arterial vasculature.

57
Q

The pulmonary driving pressure is ____ that in the systemic circuit.

A

1/10 (pulmonary: 10 mmHg; systemic: 100 mmHg)

58
Q

When PO2 increases, pulmonary arterioles _____, doing what to perfusion?

A

DILATE, increasing perfusion.

59
Q

When ventilation is poor and PO2 decreases, pulmonary arterioles ______, doing what to perfusion?

A

CONSTRICT, decreasing perfusion. Why waste the blood on bad ventilation? This helps maintain a constant perfusion/ventilation ratio in the lungs.

60
Q

True or false: alveolar and arterial PO2 levels remain basically the same during exercise and rest.

A

True, in healthy people.

61
Q

Ventilation is accomplished by what muscles?

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, accessory muscles, internal intercostals. Innervated by brain stem.

62
Q

Center in the pons that triggers inspiration with a tonic stimulus.

A

Apneustic center

63
Q

Center in the pons that is a negative feedback response. Cyclic inhibition of inspiration. Also increases depth of breathing when CO2 levels are high.

A

Pneumotaxic Center

64
Q

What are the three things that central chemoreceptors in the medulla and peripheral chemoreceptors (in aorta and carotid) are sensitive to?

A
  1. PCO2
  2. pH
  3. PO2
    In that order
65
Q

What are the chemoeffects on breathing?

A

Increasing peripheral PCO2 increases depth of breathing and later rate. Changes in PO2 don’t do much besides function to increase sensitivity to PCO2 changes, UNLESS decrease in arterial PO2 falls below 50 mmHg. This would stimulate increased frequency directly.

66
Q

The rhythm center in the medulla does what?

A

Externally innervates breathing regulation by alternating pools of inspiration and expiration neurons.

67
Q

Dyspnea

A

increased frequency of breathing

68
Q

Usually environmental, low PO2 resp. gas, can be hypoventilation.

A

Hypoxia

69
Q

Impaired diffusion capacity

A

Hypoxemia

70
Q

Carbon dioxide levels greater than 40%. Usually from imbalance in ventilation relative to metabolism.

A

Hypercapnea

71
Q

Carbon dioxide levels lower than 30%. Usually from imbalance in ventilation relative to metabolism.

A

Hypocapnea

72
Q

Monitors lung distention

A

Pulmonary stretch reception

73
Q

Characteristic of failing ventilatory controls (pulmonary controls in brain stem) Deep breath following by falling frequency/depth to a period of apnea, cycle repeats.

A

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

74
Q

Hemoglobin with oxygen at all 4 binding sites is called what?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

75
Q

Truly reduced Fe 3+.

A

Methemoglobin

76
Q

Hemoglobin that has combined with CO (carbon monoxide) rather than O2.

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

77
Q

How many binding sites of the hemoglobin are occupied is the ____.

A

Oxygen saturation.

78
Q

Hemoglobin loading is a combination of what 2 things?

A

Saturation and concentration

79
Q

Loading/Unloading Relationships

A

Easily reversible reaction driven by PO2 and bond strength. Balance between these two favors UNLOADING at about 25% of the O2 from lungs to tissues at normal resting conditions.

80
Q

What is the significance of the sigmoid shape of the dissociation curve?

A

Allows small changes in venous (tissue) PO2 to make large changes in the unloading levels. Small decreases in tissue PO2 yields much greater unloading of oxygen to the tissues.

81
Q

How does pH affect the bond strength of hemoglobin?

A

Low pH weakens bonds, effect of hihg metabolic rates. Shifts hte curve to the right.

82
Q

What factors shift the curve to the right, increasing oxygen unloading to tissues?

A

CADET (CO2, Acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, Temperature)

83
Q

What factors shift the curve to the left, inhibiting oxygen release to tissues?

A

Alkalosis, low CO2, cold temperature.

84
Q

When could DPG production increase, shifting the curve to the right?

A

Anemias. Low red-cell concentrations, so DPG production per cell increases.

85
Q

What may serve as an intermediary store for very brief periods of O2 demand?

A

Myoglobin

86
Q

What are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported?

A
  1. Directly dissolved in plasma. More soluble than O2, 10% carried this way.
  2. Bound to Hb as carbaminohemoglobin. 20%.
  3. Chemically combined as bicarbonate. 70%
87
Q

How is oxygen transported?

A

98% transported bound to Hb. 2% dissolved in plasma.

88
Q

What is the significance of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?

A

Catalyzes reaction of CO2 + Water to yield carbonic acid.

89
Q

Hypoventilation loads the H-H relationship on the (right/left) driving equilibrium to the (right/left). This produces _____ driving pH _____.

A

loads the relationship on the LEFT driving equilibrium RIGHT causing RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS driving pH DOWN.

90
Q

Hyperventilation does what to the H-H relationship, equilibrium, and what does it cause?

A

UNLOADs it on the left, driving equilibrium to the let, causing respiratory alkalosis and increasing pH.

91
Q

True or False: you are hyperventilating during exercise.

A

False. Depth and rate necessary to meet tissue needs.

Structure and Function Test 3 (3 decks)

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