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Structure and Function Test 3 > Circulatory 6 and 7 > Flashcards

Circulatory 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal, autonomic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic control are what kind of regulation?

A

Extrinsic regulation

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2
Q

Generalized level of sympathetic stimulation that keeps baseline level of peripheral resistance.

A

Vasomotor tone

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3
Q

Total peripheral resistance is affected mostly by what?

A

Shifts in adrenergic control

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4
Q

Hormonal control has ____ responses, while autonomic innervation has ___ responses.

A 
Hormonal = generalized
Autonomic = targeted
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5
Q

Nitric oxide is an example of what kind of regulation?

A

Paracrine regulation

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6
Q

What does paracrine regulation do? Where does it come from?

A

Endothelium produces paracrine promoters of VASODILATION that RELAX SMOOTH MUSCLE.

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7
Q

Myogenic and metabolic control are parts of what kind of regulation?

A

Intrinsic regulation

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8
Q

Direct action of pressure in vessels on smooth muscle of arterioles and precapillary sphincter.

A

Myogenic control mechanisms (of intrinsic regulation)

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9
Q

In the brain, decreased pressure results in _______. THis is a form of what kind of control?

A

Relaxation of muscle, vasodilation. This is myogenic control.

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10
Q

Local humoral responses to decreased oxygen, increased carbon dioxide, decreased ATP, or increase hydrogen ions (Low pH) are what kind of mechanism?

A

Metabolic control mechanisms. (of intrinsic regulation)

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11
Q

What do local humoral responses do?

A

Metabolic control: stimulates local vasodilation and increase perfusion of the tissue.

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12
Q

Reactive Hyperemia is an example of what?

A

Metabolic control (of intrinsic regulation)

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13
Q

How is coronary regulation mainly carried out?

A

Local (instrinsic) metabolis mechanisms. Beta adrenergic responses also assist in sympathetic vasodilation.

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle requires a (more or less) varied perfusion response.

A

More – skeletal muscle contractions last longer and blood supply is shut off in sustained contraction.

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15
Q

Early skeletal muscle vasodilation is _____, while the response becomes ______ once the muscle is active.

A

early = beta-adrenergic

once active = local and metabolic response

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16
Q

During exercise, PR of skeletal muscle beds decrease to how much of its rest value?

A

Less than 20%

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17
Q

During exercise, HR increases ___ X, SV increases ___ X, and CO increases ____ X.

A

3X, 2X, 6X

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18
Q

During exercise, what happens to EDV?

A

Remains about the same or slightly diminished. Increase HR results in decreased filling time, but venous return also increases.

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19
Q

Increased contractility does what do the ESV, SV, and EF?

A

Lower ESV, higher SV, and increased EF that goes from 60% to 90% or more.

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20
Q

Why do training athletes have a lower HR than normal at rest?

A

Size and contractility of heart increases from training, so the same CO is produced by a higher SV at a lower HR.

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21
Q

True or False: Brain requires more oxygen during exercise than at rest.

A

False.

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22
Q

True or false: The brain has no significant neural control of blood flow in normal conditions.

A

True

23
Q

When somatic BP rises, brain vessels _____.

A

constrict, to keep relatively constant perfusion.

24
Q

When somatic BP falls, brain vessels _____. This is an example of ___ regulation.

A

dilate. myogenic regulation. (intrinsic)

25
Q

When there is an increase in carbon dioxide tension, this is a powerful vaso________.

A

dilator

26
Q

Why is it bad to greatly increase perfusion of the brain during a concussion?

A

Increase cranial pressure.

27
Q

Why is the skin control of blood flow important?

A

It is the major control of internal body temperature. Heat loss should match heat production.

28
Q

Allows blood to flow rapidly through to deeper veins bypassing superficial capillary beds.

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses “bypass channels”

29
Q

True or false: Skin can tolerate extended periods of low perfusion.

A

True. low immediate metabolic demand in the skin allows this to be possible.

30
Q

Most of the skin control of blood flow is a result of _____.

A

Skin-specific sympathetic innervation.

31
Q

How do sweat glands help skin control of blood flow?

A

They produce bradykinin, a vasodilator.

32
Q

What are the two factors that control arterial blood pressure?

A

Cardiac Output (CO) and Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

33
Q

Higher CO means there is more blood _____ (upstream, downstream) of the resistance which leads to ______ ABP.

A

Upstream, higher ABP

34
Q

Higher TPR means more _______ , which leads to _____ ABP.

A

resistance to flow, higher ABP.

35
Q

How is ABP controlled?

A

Directly, through negative feedback, from baroreceptors.

36
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch and cartoid bodies in the carotid arteries.

37
Q

Baroceptor response does what?

A

Alters both TPR and HR to change ABP.

38
Q

When cartoid bodies are directly mechanically stimulated, what happens?

A

ABP decreases.

39
Q

What happens when you stand up after sitting?

A

cardiac output and blood pressure decrease. Resistance increases to compensate for decreased CO.

40
Q

How do atrial stretch receptors affect BP through ANF?

A

Atrial stretch receptors monitor venous return; long-term mechanisms to affect ABP. When they are stretched, they INCREASE atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) production by ATRIAL MYOCARDIUM. This INCREASES salt and water ecretion by the kidney, decreasing ABP by lowering BV, lowering VR, and lowering CO.

41
Q

How do central volume receptors affect BP through ADH?

A

Atrial stretch receptors monitor venous return. When they are stretched, ADH production is DECREASED, so the kidney excretes more water. BV, VR, CO all decrease, and ABP decreases as a result.

42
Q

Mechanism of “Cold Diuresis”

A

Reduction of blood flow (vasoconstriction) to the extremities to prevent cooling of vital organs in the core during the cold.

43
Q

What type of blood pressure measurement do we use? Is it accurate?

A

We use NIBP (non-invasive). It is NOT as accurate as IBP (invasive), but this is impractical to use except in ICU settings.

44
Q

How do you find the pulse pressure? What does a large pulse pressure indicate?

A

PP = SBP - DBP. When the PP is high, it means there is decreased elasticity of arteries.

45
Q

How do you find the mean arterial pressure?

A

2/3DBP + 1/3 SBP. (OR DBP + 1/3PP)

46
Q

In general, CO changes have more of an impact on _____, while TPR changes have more of an impact on ____.

A 
CO = SBP
TPR = DBP
47
Q

What is a hypertensive blood pressure considered?

A

at rest SBP >140 mmHg, DBP > 90 mmHg.

Prehypertension: SBP 120-139, DBP 81-89

48
Q

What is the difference between secondary and essential hypertension?

A

Secondary hypertension results form a known disease process, like kidney disease (less fluid lost, higher BV) and adrenal medullary tumors (which increase HR, SV, and vasoconstriction). Primary, or essential, hypertension is idiopathic. However, Increased TPR is universal characteristic and uncompensated sympathetic reflex seems to cause much of it.

49
Q

What are the four types of circulatory shock?

A

Hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic.

50
Q

CHF of the left side of the heart causes what?

A

pulmonary edema

51
Q

CHF of the right heart causes what?

A

systemic edema

52
Q

Post Load

A

Increased aortic pressure that ventricle has to exert against to get blood out. Abnormally high ESV and low CO.

53
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting. Low BP, protective response. Increases VR.

54
Q

Two ways to affect BP in the short-term?

A

Vasomotion, CO

Structure and Function Test 3 (3 decks)

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