Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology 🫁 > Respiratory 2 - Topic 21 > Flashcards

Respiratory 2 - Topic 21 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 ways in which Oxygen is transported?

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma (1.5)
  2. Attached to hemoglobin inside RBC (98.5%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

explain why there is only 1.5% of oxygen in dissolved plasma

A

because o2 is non polar while plasma is mainly water
02 don’t dissolve in water so only 1.5% of inhaled 02 is dissolved in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (P02)?

A

105 mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does oxygen gets transported at the lungs capillaries during external respiration?

A

gas naturally moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
- oxygen moves from alveoli (105mmhg) to capillaries (40mmhg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does oxygen gets transported at the tissue capillaries during internal respiration?

A

02 moves from blood to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic capillaries?

A

100 mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is the partial pressure of oxygen decreased at the tissue capillaries?

A

because deoxygenated blood has been added into pulmonary vein from bronchial vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain how oxygen being attached to hemoglobin allows a better oxygen transportation in the body

A

it allows us to carry much more oxygen to each individual cells in the body despite its non polar character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can bind to how much oxygen molecules?

A

4 molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the O2-HB dissociation curve?

A

its the relationship between the partial oxygen (P02) and the % of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the O2-HB dissociation curve show?

A

it shows how much o2 is bound to hemoglobin for a certain amount of 02 dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name the 2 significance of the O2-HB dissociation curve

A
  1. plateau
  2. steep portion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the plateau of the O2-HB dissociation curve is located between what PO2 pressure?

A

60-100 mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the plateau of O2-HB dissociation curve

A

range of PO2 in the lungs when HB is picking up 02

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens if the alveolar PO2 decreases a little bit below normal

A

there will be a small change to the amount of O2 bound to HB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe what happens if the alveolar P02 is above 60 mmhg?

A

HB will >90% (carrying normal amount of 02 out to the tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

explain how the higher PO2 , more O2 binds to HB and vice versa (if the PO2 is low)

A

the higher PO2 = more O2 binds on HB
Lower PO2 = less O2 binds to HB
- when PO2 is high, HB binds to a bigger amount of O2 and is almost fully saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

explain what happens if the alveolar pressure is 100 mmhg?

A

then HB is 98 saturated with 02

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the steep portion of the O2-HB dissociation curve occurs when?

A

the range of PO2 is in the tissues where HB is unloading O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain what happens if the PO2 in the ISF is 40 mmhg, what will happen to the HB?

A

HB will be 75% saturated with O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

name the different shifts in the O2-HB dissociation curve

A
  1. shift to right
  2. shift to left
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens to the saturation of HB with oxygen when the O2-HB dissociation curve shifts to the right

A
  • there’s less HB saturation with O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the different factors affecting the O2-HB dissociation curve shifting to the right

A
  1. PCO2 is released
  2. decreased in pH (acidity)
  3. increased temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

explain how the SHIFT to the RIGHT on the O2-HB curve occurs because of a decreased pH

A
  • lactic acid
  • increased CO2
  • when H+ binds to the HB chains it’s less able to bind to O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does a decreased in pH affects the unloading of O2?
O2 is unloaded more easily
26
1. increased PCO2 2. DECREASED pH 3. increased temp - all occur when __________________ increases? what does this do to the HB?
all occur when cellular metabolism increased which allows HB to unload more O2 easily when needed ex: excercise
27
what happens to the PO2 when the O2-HB curve shifts to the LEFT
more HB saturated with O2 (high affinity)
28
what are the FACTORS affecting the shift to the left in O2-HB curve?
1. LOW PC02 2. pH is in normal limits 3. TEMP is 37C or less
29
1. LOW PC02 2. pH is in normal limits 3. TEMP is 37C or less conditions 1-3 are all found where?
in the lungs
30
explain why the temperature in the lungs is lower than the rest of the body?
- because of evaporative cooling
31
what are the 3 ways in which CARBON DIOXIDE IS TRANSPORTED IN THE BODY
1. dissolved in plasma 2. on hemoglobin 3. as bicarbonate ions
32
what does the value 7% mean when Carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma
that means that only 7 percent of CO2 is dissolved in blood plasma
33
what is the other method in which 23% of dissolved CO2 is transported in the body?
- on hemoglobin -> carbaminohemoglobin
34
explain how CO2 gets transported through carbaminohemoglobin (hemoglobin)
CO2 is carried on the HB chains
35
why does CO2 bind better to deoxyhemoglobin than to oxyhemoglobin
- its binds better to HB where HB has just unloaded its O2 at the tissue = when HB looses O2 it becomes DEOXY HB which becomes a better buffer than oxygenated HB
36
what is the most important mode of transport of carbon dioxide?
as BICARBONATE IONS
37
what are the places in the body where BICARBONATE IONS are being used as a mode of transport for CO2
1. inside RED BLOOD CELLS IN TISSUES 2. inside RED BLOOD CELLS IN LUNGS
38
what is the chemical equation for the reaction of CARBON DIOXIDE to BICARBONATE ION in tissues?
CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3
39
CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3 - this chemical reaction is catalyzed by what enzyme located where?
carbonic anyhydrase - inside RBC
40
the H+ ion in: CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3 binds to _____? which forms? _____
- binds to HB - forms: HHB
41
in tissues, what happens to the bicarbonate ion? HCO3
HCO3 is transported out of the rbc into the plasma
42
when HCO3 is transported OUT to the plasma, what chemical goes inside the RBC in exchange to this reaction?
CL (chloride) comes into the RBC
43
explain the chloride shift
when HCO3 is taken out of the RBC to the plasma in exchange for CL
44
why is HCO3 being removed out of the RBC
- so that more bicarbonate ions can be made
45
T OR F: RBC in venous blood has more CHLORIDE than rbc in arterial blood
TRUE
46
inside RBC in the lungs, is there a high CO2 concentration or a low CO2 concentration?
LOW CO2
47
inside rbc in the lungs, explain what happens to oxygen when it react with deoxy HB
O2+DEOXYB= HB02 (oxyHB)
48
explain the HALDANE EFFECT
HBO2 binds to CO2 poorly = released HBO2 binds to H+ poorly = released - oxygen ability to influence the affinity of HB for C02 and H+ ions
49
inside RBC, in the lungs, explain how both H+HCO3 goes back to co2 and water
H+ + HCO3 -> H2C03 -> CO2+H20
50
H+ + HCO3 -> H2C03 -> CO2+H20 where does this reaction occur? a- tissues b- lungs
b- lungs
51
H+ + HCO3 -> H2C03 -> CO2+H20 T or F: the reaction above ^ is also catalyzed by the enzyme CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE
true
52
what does a decrease in HCO3 in the red blood cells inside of the lungs leads to?
it leads to HCO3 moving down its concentration gradient into the rbc in exchange for CL-
53
when HCO3 is taken INTO the red blood cells of lungs, what happens to the chloride? what is this reaction called?
- HCO3 is taken back inside the RBC in an exchange for chloride - this is called reverse chloride shift
54
the reverse CHLORIDE SHIFT in the rbc inside of the lungs creates more what?
- more co2 is made which exits the rbc into the plasma
55
describe the pressure gradient in which the CO2 inside rbc in the lungs moves
C02 moves from plasma (high Pc02= 45 mmhg) to alveolar air (low pressure of Pc02 40 mmhg)
56
what are the respiratory areas in the brainstem
1. medulla oblongata: 2. pontine respiratory centre
57
the two groups of neurons in the medulla are the?
1. ventral respiratory group (VRG) 2. dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
58
what is the role of ventral respiratory group located in the medulla
- it generates the rhythm 12-15 bpm
59
what does the expiratory and inspiratory neurons do in the VRG?
expiratory neurons = stop the output inspiratory neurons = produce output
60
how does the dorsal respiratory group work with VRG?
sends info from stretch and chemoreceptors
61
during quiet breathing explain how long inspiratory neurons are active and inactive for
inspiratory neurons , active for 2 seconds during inspiration inspiratory neurons, inactive for 3 seconds = during expiration
62
explain the pathway of respiration where inspiratory neurons fire leading to inspiration: - describe which nerve innervates what organs in the body
1. inspiratory neurons fire (sends impulses to spinal cord) 2. spinal cord: - C3-C5: phrenic nerves: diaphragm - T2-T12: intercostal nerves: external intercostals 3. diaphragm and external intercostals contract 4. thorax expands 5. inspiration - air moves into the lungs
63
what is the role of the respiratory centres in the medulla?
sets rate and increase depth of breathing
64
what is the role of the respiratory centre in the Pons?
modify rhythm
65
what is the name of the respiratory centre located in the pons
pontine respiratory centre
66
how does the pontine respiratory centre control respiration
it works with the medullary respiration centres to make breathing even and smooth
67
damage to the pontine respiratory centre results in?
gasping and irregular breathing
68
what are other factors that affect breathing?
1. stretch receptors in lungs 2. voluntary control 3. chemical control
69
stretch receptors in the lungs are located where?
in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
70
what is the hering breuer reflex?
when receptors are over strethced on inspiration, impulses are sent thru the vagus nerve in order to prevent inspiratory neurons
71
how does the hering Breuer reflex affects the diaphragm and external intercostals?
they relaxes leading to expiration
72
the hering breuer reflex prevents?
over inflaton of the lung
73
how does voluntary control, like holding your breath, affect the control of respiration?
when you hold your breathe for a short period of time, the PC02 and H+ concentrations builds up which overrides the medulla and forces you to breathe
74

Respiratory Physiology 🫁 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions