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Respiratory Physiology 🫁 > Respiratory 2 - Topic 21 > Flashcards

Respiratory 2 - Topic 21 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 ways in which Oxygen is transported?

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma (1.5)
  2. Attached to hemoglobin inside RBC (98.5%)
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2
Q

explain why there is only 1.5% of oxygen in dissolved plasma

A

because o2 is non polar while plasma is mainly water
02 don’t dissolve in water so only 1.5% of inhaled 02 is dissolved in blood

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3
Q

what is the Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (P02)?

A

105 mmhg

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4
Q

how does oxygen gets transported at the lungs capillaries during external respiration?

A

gas naturally moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
- oxygen moves from alveoli (105mmhg) to capillaries (40mmhg)

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5
Q

how does oxygen gets transported at the tissue capillaries during internal respiration?

A

02 moves from blood to cells

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6
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic capillaries?

A

100 mmhg

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7
Q

why is the partial pressure of oxygen decreased at the tissue capillaries?

A

because deoxygenated blood has been added into pulmonary vein from bronchial vein

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8
Q

explain how oxygen being attached to hemoglobin allows a better oxygen transportation in the body

A

it allows us to carry much more oxygen to each individual cells in the body despite its non polar character

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9
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can bind to how much oxygen molecules?

A

4 molecules

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10
Q

what is the O2-HB dissociation curve?

A

its the relationship between the partial oxygen (P02) and the % of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen

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11
Q

what does the O2-HB dissociation curve show?

A

it shows how much o2 is bound to hemoglobin for a certain amount of 02 dissolved

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12
Q

name the 2 significance of the O2-HB dissociation curve

A
  1. plateau
  2. steep portion
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13
Q

the plateau of the O2-HB dissociation curve is located between what PO2 pressure?

A

60-100 mmhg

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14
Q

what is the plateau of O2-HB dissociation curve

A

range of PO2 in the lungs when HB is picking up 02

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15
Q

what happens if the alveolar PO2 decreases a little bit below normal

A

there will be a small change to the amount of O2 bound to HB

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16
Q

describe what happens if the alveolar P02 is above 60 mmhg?

A

HB will >90% (carrying normal amount of 02 out to the tissues)

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17
Q

explain how the higher PO2 , more O2 binds to HB and vice versa (if the PO2 is low)

A

the higher PO2 = more O2 binds on HB
Lower PO2 = less O2 binds to HB
- when PO2 is high, HB binds to a bigger amount of O2 and is almost fully saturated

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18
Q

explain what happens if the alveolar pressure is 100 mmhg?

A

then HB is 98 saturated with 02

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19
Q

the steep portion of the O2-HB dissociation curve occurs when?

A

the range of PO2 is in the tissues where HB is unloading O2

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20
Q

explain what happens if the PO2 in the ISF is 40 mmhg, what will happen to the HB?

A

HB will be 75% saturated with O2

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21
Q

name the different shifts in the O2-HB dissociation curve

A
  1. shift to right
  2. shift to left
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22
Q

what happens to the saturation of HB with oxygen when the O2-HB dissociation curve shifts to the right

A
  • there’s less HB saturation with O2
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23
Q

what are the different factors affecting the O2-HB dissociation curve shifting to the right

A
  1. PCO2 is released
  2. decreased in pH (acidity)
  3. increased temperature
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24
Q

explain how the SHIFT to the RIGHT on the O2-HB curve occurs because of a decreased pH

A
  • lactic acid
  • increased CO2
  • when H+ binds to the HB chains it’s less able to bind to O2
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25
Q

How does a decreased in pH affects the unloading of O2?

A

O2 is unloaded more easily

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26
Q
  1. increased PCO2
  2. DECREASED pH
  3. increased temp
    - all occur when __________________ increases? what does this do to the HB?
A

all occur when cellular metabolism increased which allows HB to unload more O2 easily when needed
ex: excercise

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27
Q

what happens to the PO2 when the O2-HB curve shifts to the LEFT

A

more HB saturated with O2 (high affinity)

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28
Q

what are the FACTORS affecting the shift to the left in O2-HB curve?

A
  1. LOW PC02
  2. pH is in normal limits
  3. TEMP is 37C or less
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29
Q
  1. LOW PC02
  2. pH is in normal limits
  3. TEMP is 37C or less

conditions 1-3 are all found where?

A

in the lungs

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30
Q

explain why the temperature in the lungs is lower than the rest of the body?

A
  • because of evaporative cooling
31
Q

what are the 3 ways in which CARBON DIOXIDE IS TRANSPORTED IN THE BODY

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. on hemoglobin
  3. as bicarbonate ions
32
Q

what does the value 7% mean when Carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma

A

that means that only 7 percent of CO2 is dissolved in blood plasma

33
Q

what is the other method in which 23% of dissolved CO2 is transported in the body?

A
  • on hemoglobin -> carbaminohemoglobin
34
Q

explain how CO2 gets transported through carbaminohemoglobin (hemoglobin)

A

CO2 is carried on the HB chains

35
Q

why does CO2 bind better to deoxyhemoglobin than to oxyhemoglobin

A
  • its binds better to HB where HB has just unloaded its O2 at the tissue = when HB looses O2 it becomes DEOXY HB which becomes a better buffer than oxygenated HB
36
Q

what is the most important mode of transport of carbon dioxide?

A

as BICARBONATE IONS

37
Q

what are the places in the body where BICARBONATE IONS are being used as a mode of transport for CO2

A
  1. inside RED BLOOD CELLS IN TISSUES
  2. inside RED BLOOD CELLS IN LUNGS
38
Q

what is the chemical equation for the reaction of CARBON DIOXIDE to BICARBONATE ION in tissues?

A

CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3

39
Q

CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3
- this chemical reaction is catalyzed by what enzyme located where?

A

carbonic anyhydrase
- inside RBC

40
Q

the H+ ion in: CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+HCO3
binds to _____? which forms? _____

A
  • binds to HB
  • forms: HHB
41
Q

in tissues, what happens to the bicarbonate ion? HCO3

A

HCO3 is transported out of the rbc into the plasma

42
Q

when HCO3 is transported OUT to the plasma, what chemical goes inside the RBC in exchange to this reaction?

A

CL (chloride) comes into the RBC

43
Q

explain the chloride shift

A

when HCO3 is taken out of the RBC to the plasma in exchange for CL

44
Q

why is HCO3 being removed out of the RBC

A
  • so that more bicarbonate ions can be made
45
Q

T OR F: RBC in venous blood has more CHLORIDE than rbc in arterial blood

A

TRUE

46
Q

inside RBC in the lungs, is there a high CO2 concentration or a low CO2 concentration?

A

LOW CO2

47
Q

inside rbc in the lungs, explain what happens to oxygen when it react with deoxy HB

A

O2+DEOXYB= HB02 (oxyHB)

48
Q

explain the HALDANE EFFECT

A

HBO2 binds to CO2 poorly = released
HBO2 binds to H+ poorly = released
- oxygen ability to influence the affinity of HB for C02 and H+ ions

49
Q

inside RBC, in the lungs, explain how both H+HCO3 goes back to co2 and water

A

H+ + HCO3 -> H2C03 -> CO2+H20

50
Q

H+ + HCO3 -> H2C03 -> CO2+H20
where does this reaction occur?
a- tissues
b- lungs

A

b- lungs

51
Q

H+ + HCO3 -> H2C03 -> CO2+H20
T or F: the reaction above ^ is also catalyzed by the enzyme CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE

A

true

52
Q

what does a decrease in HCO3 in the red blood cells inside of the lungs leads to?

A

it leads to HCO3 moving down its concentration gradient into the rbc in exchange for CL-

53
Q

when HCO3 is taken INTO the red blood cells of lungs, what happens to the chloride? what is this reaction called?

A
  • HCO3 is taken back inside the RBC in an exchange for chloride
  • this is called reverse chloride shift
54
Q

the reverse CHLORIDE SHIFT in the rbc inside of the lungs creates more what?

A
  • more co2 is made which exits the rbc into the plasma
55
Q

describe the pressure gradient in which the CO2 inside rbc in the lungs moves

A

C02 moves from plasma (high Pc02= 45 mmhg) to alveolar air (low pressure of Pc02 40 mmhg)

56
Q

what are the respiratory areas in the brainstem

A
  1. medulla oblongata:
  2. pontine respiratory centre
57
Q

the two groups of neurons in the medulla are the?

A
  1. ventral respiratory group (VRG)
  2. dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
58
Q

what is the role of ventral respiratory group located in the medulla

A
  • it generates the rhythm 12-15 bpm
59
Q

what does the expiratory and inspiratory neurons do in the VRG?

A

expiratory neurons = stop the output
inspiratory neurons = produce output

60
Q

how does the dorsal respiratory group work with VRG?

A

sends info from stretch and chemoreceptors

61
Q

during quiet breathing explain how long inspiratory neurons are active and inactive for

A

inspiratory neurons , active for 2 seconds during inspiration

inspiratory neurons, inactive for 3 seconds = during expiration

62
Q

explain the pathway of respiration where inspiratory neurons fire leading to inspiration:
- describe which nerve innervates what organs in the body

A
  1. inspiratory neurons fire (sends impulses to spinal cord)
  2. spinal cord:
    - C3-C5: phrenic nerves: diaphragm
    - T2-T12: intercostal nerves: external intercostals
  3. diaphragm and external intercostals contract
  4. thorax expands
  5. inspiration - air moves into the lungs
63
Q

what is the role of the respiratory centres in the medulla?

A

sets rate and increase depth of breathing

64
Q

what is the role of the respiratory centre in the Pons?

A

modify rhythm

65
Q

what is the name of the respiratory centre located in the pons

A

pontine respiratory centre

66
Q

how does the pontine respiratory centre control respiration

A

it works with the medullary respiration centres to make breathing even and smooth

67
Q

damage to the pontine respiratory centre results in?

A

gasping and irregular breathing

68
Q

what are other factors that affect breathing?

A
  1. stretch receptors in lungs
  2. voluntary control
  3. chemical control
69
Q

stretch receptors in the lungs are located where?

A

in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

70
Q

what is the hering breuer reflex?

A

when receptors are over strethced on inspiration, impulses are sent thru the vagus nerve in order to prevent inspiratory neurons

71
Q

how does the hering Breuer reflex affects the diaphragm and external intercostals?

A

they relaxes leading to expiration

72
Q

the hering breuer reflex prevents?

A

over inflaton of the lung

73
Q

how does voluntary control, like holding your breath, affect the control of respiration?

A

when you hold your breathe for a short period of time, the PC02 and H+ concentrations builds up which overrides the medulla and forces you to breathe

74
Q
A

Respiratory Physiology 🫁 (2 decks)

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