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Respiratory Physiology 🫁 > Respiratory 1 - Topic 20 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 - Topic 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 processes involved in the exchange of gasses

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Internal Respiration
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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation includes what kind of ventilation?

A

inspiration (inhaling)
expiration (exhaling)

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3
Q

pulmonary ventilation involves the exchange of gasses between?

A

atmosphere and pulmonary alveoli of lungs

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4
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

it states that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure

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5
Q

what is the LAW regarding volume and pressure in Boyle’s law?

A

as volume increases , pressure decreases
volume decreases , pressure increases

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6
Q

Gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure as long as?

A

temperature is constant
container is closed
the amount of gas is constant (does not change)

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7
Q

what are the different pressure involved during pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure (P atm)
  2. Intrapulmonary pressure ( P pul)
  3. Intrapleural pressure (P IP)
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8
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (P atm)

A

air pressure

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9
Q

at sea level, what is the air pressure of the atmosphere (P atm)

A

760 mmHg

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10
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure (P pul)

A

air pressure inside of the lungs

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11
Q

when you are resting in between breaths what is the pressure of P pul & P atm

A

they are equal
Ppul is equal to P atm

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12
Q

what is intrapleural pressure (P ip)

A

fluid pressure in the plueral cavity

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13
Q

at rest, what is the pressure of intrapleural pressure ( P IP)

A

756 mmHg

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14
Q

why is intrapleural pressure must always be LOWER than intrapulmonary pressure & atmospheric pressure in a healthy person?

A

Intrapleural pressure must always be lower than Ppul and P ATM because when air enters the pleural space that is going to raise the pressure of Pip so that it becomes equal to intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure = this would result in lung collapsing = PNEUMOTHORAX

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15
Q

what happens to intrapleural pressure when you inspire

A

the thoracic wall moves outward and the space between the visceral and parietal pleura gets bigger which decreases the pressure from 756 - 754 mmhg

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16
Q

what are the different processes involved during pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Quiet inspiration
  2. Quiet expiration
  3. Forced inspiration
  4. Forced expiration
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17
Q

what occurs during the beginning of quiet inspiration?

A

at the start:
P atm is equal to P pul
- atmospheric pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure
- so there’s no movement of air

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18
Q

what is the first step in quiet inspiration?

A

diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles will contract

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19
Q

during quiet inspiration, when the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract, what does this do to the size/volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, giving space for the lungs to expand

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20
Q

during quiet inspiration, what does the increase in the volume of the thoracic wall do to the pressure in the lungs?

A
  • lungs would resist the expansion
  • there would be a decrease in the intraplueral pressure
    756-754 mmhg
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21
Q

why is there a decrease in pressure in the intrapleural pressure and not the intrapulmonary pressure during quiet inspiration?

A

because when you inspire, the thoracic wall moves out and the space between in the pleural cavity gets bigger so the pressure must decrease (according to boyle’s law)

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22
Q

what is the pressure in the intrapleural pressure after it has been decreased during quiet inspiration?

A

754 mmhg

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23
Q

what does the higher pressure difference between the intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) & the intrapleural pressure do to the lungs during quiet inspiration?

A

the higher pressure difference pushes the lungs out
- so lungs would expand (gets bigger) which decreases the pressure inside the lungs (Ppul) from 760 mmhg to 758 mmhg

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24
Q

what does the decrease in pressure in the Ppul (758) do to the air pressure from the atmosphere

A
  • the Ppul is now lower than the Patm
  • naturally air moves from high pressure (760mmhg) to low pressure (758mmhg)
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25
Q

how do intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure become equal again in quiet inspiration?

A

air will move in until P atm and the Ppul is once again equal (760mmhg)

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26
Q

Is quiet inspiration an active or passive process? why

A

active process because diaphragm and external intercostals are contracting

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27
Q

is quiet expiration an active or passive process? explain.

A

passive process.
because the diaphragm and external intercostals are relaxing

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28
Q

what does quiet expiration do to the pressure inside the lungs? (Ppul)

A

it raises the pressure inside the lungs higher than the atmospheric pressure because the the size of the thoracic wall decreases (gets smaller)

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29
Q

what happens to the lungs during quiet expiration?

A

lungs return to their resting size

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30
Q

what happens to the pressure in intrapleural pressure during quiet expiration?

A

it increases from 754 - 756 mmhg (goes back to its resting pressure)

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31
Q

what happens to the pressure in the intrapulmonary pressure during quiet expiration?
- how does this pressure differ from atmospheric pressure

A

it increases from 760 mmhg - 762 mmhg
which is now higher than atmospheric pressure (760)

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32
Q

describe how air NATURALLY MOVES OUT of our lungs during quiet expiration

A

air moves out naturally out of the lungs when air inside our lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere (higher P - lower P)

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33
Q

when does force inspiration occur

A

during exercise or when there’s forced breathing during disease

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34
Q

why is forced inspiration an active process?

A

because it involves accessory muscles to contract

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35
Q

what are the accessory muscles involved during forced inspiration?

A

scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

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36
Q

why does the thoracic cavity gets even bigger during forced inspiration than quiet inspiration?
what does this do to the lungs

A

because more muscles are contracting
- the accessory muscles and the primary muscles are both contracting
- this gives lots of space for the lungs to expand which increases lung volume = and a greater amount of air enters

37
Q

why does the thoracic cavity get even bigger during forced inspiration than quiet inspiration?
what does this do to the lungs

A

because more muscles are contracting
- the accessory muscles and the primary muscles are both contracting
- this gives lots of space for the lungs to expand which increases lung volume = and a greater amount of air enters

38
Q

what is forced expiration?

A

forced or impeded breathing

39
Q

when does forced expiration occur

A

asthma, excercise, playing a wind instrument

40
Q

why is forced expiration active process?

A

because the internal intercostals contract
and so is the abdominal muscles

41
Q

what are the muscles of exhalation

A

internal intercostals
abdominal muscles

42
Q

what does the internal intercostals do to the ribs when it contracts during forced expiration?

A

moves the ribs down

43
Q

what happens to the diaphragm and the size of the abdominal cavity when the abdominal muscles are contracting

A
  • size/volume of the abdominal cavity decreases
  • and this forces the abdominal viscera up into the diaphragm
44
Q

what happens to the intrapleural pressure during forced expiration when the volume of the abdominal cavity decreases?

A

the intrapleural pressure (Pip) increases higher than during quiet expiration (may exceed the P ATM briefly when coughing)

45
Q

the active process of forced expiration all functions to?

A

decrease the volume of the lungs

46
Q

when the volume of the lung decreases in force expiration, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure

A

increases even higher during quiet expiration and air is moved out of the lungs

47
Q

what is compliance

A

effort needed to stretch the lungs

48
Q

what does low compliance indicates?

A

that a lot of effort is needed to stretch the lungs

49
Q

recoil is the ability

A

of the lung to go back to its restinf szie after being stretched

50
Q

the recoil of the lungs is due to?

A

elastic fibres

51
Q

both compliance and recoil are due to:

A

elastic connective tissue
surfactant

52
Q

surfactant is secreted by?
and what does it control?

A
  • secreted by type 2 alveolar cells
  • controls surface tension on the alveoli
53
Q

the lungs dont collapse because?

A
  1. the intrapleural pressure is below the intrapulmonary pressure
  2. the presence of surfactant
54
Q

surfactant is a mixture of?

A

lipoprotein and phospholipids

55
Q

what does the presence of surfactant do on the alveoli

A

it coats the alveoli and acts as a detergent
decreases surface tension
- prevents alveolar collapse

56
Q

what does the presence of surfactant do on the lungs?

A
  • allows it to stretch easier and helps with recoil
57
Q

Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome affects newborns of how old?

A

less than 7 months of age

58
Q

Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome is due to?

A
  • not making enough surfactant or in extreme cases do not make any surfactant at all
59
Q

what happens to the alveoli during newborn respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • alveoli collapse during exhalation because there is not enough surfactant
  • this can lead to death
60
Q

Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome can be treated with?

A

surfactatnt spray or supplemental oxygen therapy

61
Q

how do conditions such as asthma, COPD, and bronchitis, and emphysema act to increase airway resistance?

A

narrow and obstruct the airway resulting in airway resistance

62
Q

explain why expiration is more difficult than inspiration when you have asthma, COPD, bronchitis, or emphysema

A

becaise exhaling closes the airways and traps air in the alveoli
inhaling opens the airway

63
Q

the signal from the SNS causes what to the bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

relaxes causing bronchodilation

64
Q

the signal from the PSNS causes what to the bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

contraction causes bronchoconstriction

65
Q

clinically, 1 respiration is equal to?

A

1 inspiration and 1 expiration

66
Q

what electronic measuring device can be used to measure the volume of air exchanged?

A

spirometer

67
Q

what are the different respiratory volumes?

A
  1. Tidal volumes (TV)
  2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  4. Residual volume (RV)
  5. Minute Respiratory volume
  6. Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
68
Q

what is the respiratory volume of inhaled/exhaed air during quiet respiration?

A

Tidal volume

69
Q

what is a normal tidal volume for an average adult person

A

500ml

70
Q

whatis inspiratory reserve volume

A

excess air in addition to the TV taken in on a max inspiration
(eg: when you take a deep breathe in, this is the additional air inhaled)

71
Q

what is the avg IRV (inspiratory volume) in an adult male

A

3000ml

72
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

excess air in addition to the RV following that is pushed out of the lung during maximum expiration
(eg: when you inhale in and exhale as forcibly as you can, that additional air that you exhlaed out is the ERV)

73
Q

what is the avg Expiratory reserve volume in an adult

A

1200 ml

74
Q

what is residual volume

A

volume of air in the lungs after maximum respiration
- 1200ml

75
Q

what does the residual volume do to the alveoli in the lung

A

prevents alveolar collapse/keeps alveoli opens

76
Q

what is minute respiratory volume

A

the amount of air that moves in/out of your lungs in one minute

77
Q

how do you determine minute respiratory volume

A

TV x respiratory rate

78
Q

what are the different pulmonary capacities?

A

Inspiratory capacity
vital capacity
lung capacity

79
Q

how is inspiratory capacity calculated?

A

by taking the: TV + IRV

80
Q

how are respiratory capacities calculated?

A

using 2 or more volumes

81
Q

what is the vital capacity?

A

largest volume that can be moved in/out of lungs

82
Q

how is vital capacity calculated?

A

by taking the sum of: TV + IRV + ERV

83
Q

What is lung capacity?

A

maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold

84
Q

how is lung capacity calculated?

A

by taking: VC + RV

85
Q

the measurements of FEV1 allows the diagnosis of what lungs abnormalities

A
  1. obstructive diseases: COPD, EMPHYSEMA, CYSTIC FIBROSIS, ASTHMA
  2. restrive diseases: SCOLIOSIS, PNEUMOTHORAX
86
Q

explain how the measurements of FEV1 can allow diagnosis of obstructive lung diseases

A
  • there’s increased airway resistance and expiration becomes challenging
  • increased RV ( more volume stays in the lungs cous you cant move as much gas out of the lung with each breath)
  • decreased VC
    -substancial decrease in FEV1
87
Q

how do the measurements of FEV1 allow diagnosis of restrictive lung diseases

A

lungs cannot expand easily
inspiration is challenging
decreased IC & VC

88
Q

What is the normal value for FEV1?

A

FEV1.0 is normal

Respiratory Physiology 🫁 (2 decks)

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