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Respiratory Physiology 🫁 > Respiratory 1 - Topic 20 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 - Topic 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 processes involved in the exchange of gasses

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Internal Respiration
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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation includes what kind of ventilation?

A

inspiration (inhaling)
expiration (exhaling)

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3
Q

pulmonary ventilation involves the exchange of gasses between?

A

atmosphere and pulmonary alveoli of lungs

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4
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

it states that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure

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5
Q

what is the LAW regarding volume and pressure in Boyle’s law?

A

as volume increases , pressure decreases
volume decreases , pressure increases

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6
Q

Gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure as long as?

A

temperature is constant
container is closed
the amount of gas is constant (does not change)

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7
Q

what are the different pressure involved during pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure (P atm)
  2. Intrapulmonary pressure ( P pul)
  3. Intrapleural pressure (P IP)
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8
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (P atm)

A

air pressure

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9
Q

at sea level, what is the air pressure of the atmosphere (P atm)

A

760 mmHg

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10
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure (P pul)

A

air pressure inside of the lungs

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11
Q

when you are resting in between breaths what is the pressure of P pul & P atm

A

they are equal
Ppul is equal to P atm

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12
Q

what is intrapleural pressure (P ip)

A

fluid pressure in the plueral cavity

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13
Q

at rest, what is the pressure of intrapleural pressure ( P IP)

A

756 mmHg

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14
Q

why is intrapleural pressure must always be LOWER than intrapulmonary pressure & atmospheric pressure in a healthy person?

A

Intrapleural pressure must always be lower than Ppul and P ATM because when air enters the pleural space that is going to raise the pressure of Pip so that it becomes equal to intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure = this would result in lung collapsing = PNEUMOTHORAX

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15
Q

what happens to intrapleural pressure when you inspire

A

the thoracic wall moves outward and the space between the visceral and parietal pleura gets bigger which decreases the pressure from 756 - 754 mmhg

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16
Q

what are the different processes involved during pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. Quiet inspiration
  2. Quiet expiration
  3. Forced inspiration
  4. Forced expiration
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17
Q

what occurs during the beginning of quiet inspiration?

A

at the start:
P atm is equal to P pul
- atmospheric pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure
- so there’s no movement of air

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18
Q

what is the first step in quiet inspiration?

A

diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles will contract

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19
Q

during quiet inspiration, when the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract, what does this do to the size/volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, giving space for the lungs to expand

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20
Q

during quiet inspiration, what does the increase in the volume of the thoracic wall do to the pressure in the lungs?

A
  • lungs would resist the expansion
  • there would be a decrease in the intraplueral pressure
    756-754 mmhg
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21
Q

why is there a decrease in pressure in the intrapleural pressure and not the intrapulmonary pressure during quiet inspiration?

A

because when you inspire, the thoracic wall moves out and the space between in the pleural cavity gets bigger so the pressure must decrease (according to boyle’s law)

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22
Q

what is the pressure in the intrapleural pressure after it has been decreased during quiet inspiration?

A

754 mmhg

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23
Q

what does the higher pressure difference between the intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) & the intrapleural pressure do to the lungs during quiet inspiration?

A

the higher pressure difference pushes the lungs out
- so lungs would expand (gets bigger) which decreases the pressure inside the lungs (Ppul) from 760 mmhg to 758 mmhg

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24
Q

what does the decrease in pressure in the Ppul (758) do to the air pressure from the atmosphere

A
  • the Ppul is now lower than the Patm
  • naturally air moves from high pressure (760mmhg) to low pressure (758mmhg)
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25
how do intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure become equal again in quiet inspiration?
air will move in until P atm and the Ppul is once again equal (760mmhg)
26
Is quiet inspiration an active or passive process? why
active process because diaphragm and external intercostals are contracting
27
is quiet expiration an active or passive process? explain.
passive process. because the diaphragm and external intercostals are relaxing
28
what does quiet expiration do to the pressure inside the lungs? (Ppul)
it raises the pressure inside the lungs higher than the atmospheric pressure because the the size of the thoracic wall decreases (gets smaller)
29
what happens to the lungs during quiet expiration?
lungs return to their resting size
30
what happens to the pressure in intrapleural pressure during quiet expiration?
it increases from 754 - 756 mmhg (goes back to its resting pressure)
31
what happens to the pressure in the intrapulmonary pressure during quiet expiration? - how does this pressure differ from atmospheric pressure
it increases from 760 mmhg - 762 mmhg which is now higher than atmospheric pressure (760)
32
describe how air NATURALLY MOVES OUT of our lungs during quiet expiration
air moves out naturally out of the lungs when air inside our lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere (higher P - lower P)
33
when does force inspiration occur
during exercise or when there's forced breathing during disease
34
why is forced inspiration an active process?
because it involves accessory muscles to contract
35
what are the accessory muscles involved during forced inspiration?
scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
36
why does the thoracic cavity gets even bigger during forced inspiration than quiet inspiration? what does this do to the lungs
because more muscles are contracting - the accessory muscles and the primary muscles are both contracting - this gives lots of space for the lungs to expand which increases lung volume = and a greater amount of air enters
37
why does the thoracic cavity get even bigger during forced inspiration than quiet inspiration? what does this do to the lungs
because more muscles are contracting - the accessory muscles and the primary muscles are both contracting - this gives lots of space for the lungs to expand which increases lung volume = and a greater amount of air enters
38
what is forced expiration?
forced or impeded breathing
39
when does forced expiration occur
asthma, excercise, playing a wind instrument
40
why is forced expiration active process?
because the internal intercostals contract and so is the abdominal muscles
41
what are the muscles of exhalation
internal intercostals abdominal muscles
42
what does the internal intercostals do to the ribs when it contracts during forced expiration?
moves the ribs down
43
what happens to the diaphragm and the size of the abdominal cavity when the abdominal muscles are contracting
- size/volume of the abdominal cavity decreases - and this forces the abdominal viscera up into the diaphragm
44
what happens to the intrapleural pressure during forced expiration when the volume of the abdominal cavity decreases?
the intrapleural pressure (Pip) increases higher than during quiet expiration (may exceed the P ATM briefly when coughing)
45
the active process of forced expiration all functions to?
decrease the volume of the lungs
46
when the volume of the lung decreases in force expiration, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure
increases even higher during quiet expiration and air is moved out of the lungs
47
what is compliance
effort needed to stretch the lungs
48
what does low compliance indicates?
that a lot of effort is needed to stretch the lungs
49
recoil is the ability
of the lung to go back to its restinf szie after being stretched
50
the recoil of the lungs is due to?
elastic fibres
51
both compliance and recoil are due to:
elastic connective tissue surfactant
52
surfactant is secreted by? and what does it control?
- secreted by type 2 alveolar cells - controls surface tension on the alveoli
53
the lungs dont collapse because?
1. the intrapleural pressure is below the intrapulmonary pressure 2. the presence of surfactant
54
surfactant is a mixture of?
lipoprotein and phospholipids
55
what does the presence of surfactant do on the alveoli
it coats the alveoli and acts as a detergent decreases surface tension - prevents alveolar collapse
56
what does the presence of surfactant do on the lungs?
- allows it to stretch easier and helps with recoil
57
Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome affects newborns of how old?
less than 7 months of age
58
Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome is due to?
- not making enough surfactant or in extreme cases do not make any surfactant at all
59
what happens to the alveoli during newborn respiratory distress syndrome
- alveoli collapse during exhalation because there is not enough surfactant - this can lead to death
60
Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome can be treated with?
surfactatnt spray or supplemental oxygen therapy
61
how do conditions such as asthma, COPD, and bronchitis, and emphysema act to increase airway resistance?
narrow and obstruct the airway resulting in airway resistance
62
explain why expiration is more difficult than inspiration when you have asthma, COPD, bronchitis, or emphysema
becaise exhaling closes the airways and traps air in the alveoli inhaling opens the airway
63
the signal from the SNS causes what to the bronchiolar smooth muscle
relaxes causing bronchodilation
64
the signal from the PSNS causes what to the bronchiolar smooth muscle
contraction causes bronchoconstriction
65
clinically, 1 respiration is equal to?
1 inspiration and 1 expiration
66
what electronic measuring device can be used to measure the volume of air exchanged?
spirometer
67
what are the different respiratory volumes?
1. Tidal volumes (TV) 2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 4. Residual volume (RV) 5. Minute Respiratory volume 6. Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
68
what is the respiratory volume of inhaled/exhaed air during quiet respiration?
Tidal volume
69
what is a normal tidal volume for an average adult person
500ml
70
whatis inspiratory reserve volume
excess air in addition to the TV taken in on a max inspiration (eg: when you take a deep breathe in, this is the additional air inhaled)
71
what is the avg IRV (inspiratory volume) in an adult male
3000ml
72
what is expiratory reserve volume?
excess air in addition to the RV following that is pushed out of the lung during maximum expiration (eg: when you inhale in and exhale as forcibly as you can, that additional air that you exhlaed out is the ERV)
73
what is the avg Expiratory reserve volume in an adult
1200 ml
74
what is residual volume
volume of air in the lungs after maximum respiration - 1200ml
75
what does the residual volume do to the alveoli in the lung
prevents alveolar collapse/keeps alveoli opens
76
what is minute respiratory volume
the amount of air that moves in/out of your lungs in one minute
77
how do you determine minute respiratory volume
TV x respiratory rate
78
what are the different pulmonary capacities?
Inspiratory capacity vital capacity lung capacity
79
how is inspiratory capacity calculated?
by taking the: TV + IRV
80
how are respiratory capacities calculated?
using 2 or more volumes
81
what is the vital capacity?
largest volume that can be moved in/out of lungs
82
how is vital capacity calculated?
by taking the sum of: TV + IRV + ERV
83
What is lung capacity?
maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold
84
how is lung capacity calculated?
by taking: VC + RV
85
the measurements of FEV1 allows the diagnosis of what lungs abnormalities
1. obstructive diseases: COPD, EMPHYSEMA, CYSTIC FIBROSIS, ASTHMA 2. restrive diseases: SCOLIOSIS, PNEUMOTHORAX
86
explain how the measurements of FEV1 can allow diagnosis of obstructive lung diseases
- there's increased airway resistance and expiration becomes challenging - increased RV ( more volume stays in the lungs cous you cant move as much gas out of the lung with each breath) - decreased VC -substancial decrease in FEV1
87
how do the measurements of FEV1 allow diagnosis of restrictive lung diseases
lungs cannot expand easily inspiration is challenging decreased IC & VC
88
What is the normal value for FEV1?
FEV1.0 is normal

Respiratory Physiology 🫁 (2 decks)

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