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Phys Exam 4 > Respiratory 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circulation has _____ pressures than systemic circulation

A

Lower

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2
Q

Pulmonary circulation has _____ resistance,

A

Lower

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation has ______ compliance than systemic circulation

A

higher

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4
Q

Pulmonary circulation has _____ volume than systemic circulation

A

Lower

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5
Q

Do structures in the respiratory zone receive oxygen from bronchial flow?

A

No; directly from alveolar air

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6
Q

T/F: There are a population of pulmonary capillaries at rest

A

True

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7
Q

Diameters of pulmonary arteries and arterioles are _____ than systemic arteries and arterioles

A

larger

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8
Q

Bronchial flow is about ___% of cardiac output of the left ventricle.

A

2%

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9
Q

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tracheobronchial tree down to the terminal bronchioles and also pulmonary blood vessels, visceral pleura, nerves and hilar lymph nodes.

A

Bronchial circulation

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10
Q

Structures in the _____ Zone receive oxygen directly by diffusion from the alveolar air and receive nutrients from the mixed venous blood in pulmonary circulation.

A

Respiratory zone

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11
Q

blood in the LA has slightly _____ O2 concentration than blood in the pulmonary capillaries

A

Lower

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12
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation numerically?

A

25/8

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13
Q

Is pulmonary capillary pressure a filtration or absorption force?

A

Filtration force

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14
Q

Pulmonary blood volume accounts for ____ % of blood volume (450ml) but is is highly variable.

A

~9%

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15
Q

Volume of pulmonary blood flow ____ during inspiration

A

increases

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16
Q

Lying down _____ the pulmonary blood volume

A

increases

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17
Q

Disease states (ex. heart failure) can ______ pulmonary blood volume

A

increase

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18
Q

T/F: Pulmonary vessels are far more distensible (compliant) and able to alter their size and adjust to changing pulmonary volumes.

A

True

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19
Q

T?F: Even though Cardiac Output increases 4-7 times with heavy exercise, there is only a small increase in pulmonary artery pressure.

A

True

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20
Q

What will opening more capillaries do to total resistance?

A

Decrease R

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21
Q

In pulmonary circulation, MAP = ______

A

CO x PVR

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22
Q

An increase in blood flow leads to a ____ in pulmonary resistance

A

Decrease

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23
Q

An increase in Flow (CO) to lungs will decrease pulmonary Resistance through what 2 mechanisms?

A
  1. Recruitment of pulmonary capillaries

2. Distension of pulmonary capillaries

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24
Q

T/F: The Pulmonary Circulation is not as Prone to Hypertension as the Systemic Circulation.

A

True

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25
Q

When PAO2 (Alveolar concentration of O2) drops 70% below normal, adjacent blood vessels ______

A

constrict.

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26
Q

If instead PAO2 is high, adjacent vessels will _____

A

dilate.

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27
Q

The functional result is that blood is delivered to alveoli where it will be ______ at gas exchange.

A

most effective

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28
Q

What then would happen throughout the pulmonary circulation at a high altitude where PAO2 is reduced?

A

Pulmonary hypertension in all vessels

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29
Q

Does the same response happen in the systemic circulation when PaO2 levels drop?

A

No

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30
Q

___ matches blood flow to well vented alveoli via vasoconstriction

A

Alveolar Hypoxic Pulmonary vasoconstriction

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31
Q 
The following are \_\_\_\_ of pulmonary arterioles: 
•High O2 in alveoli
•Dopamine
•Bradykinin
•Prostacyclin
•Nitric Oxide
•Histamine (H2)
•Acetylcholine
A

Vasodilators

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32
Q 
The following are \_\_\_\_ of pulmonary arterioles: 
•Low O2 in alveoli
•High CO2 in alveoli
•Norepinephrine
•Angiotensin II
•Endothelin
•Vasopressin
•Thromboxane A2
A

Vasoconstrictors

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33
Q

_____ Vessels: Pulmonary capillaries, smallest arterioles & venules

A

Alveolar

34
Q

_____ Vessels: All other vessels outside of the Pulmonary capillaries, smallest arterioles & venules

A

Extra-alveolar

35
Q

_____ is the the total of Alveolar Vessels + Extra-alveolar Vessel Resistance

A

PVR

36
Q

During inspiration, _____ vessels are compressed/elongated

A

Alveolar vessels

37
Q

During inspiration, alveolar vessels are compressed/elongated and their resistance _____

A

increases

38
Q

During inspiration, Extra-alveolar vessels have _____ resistance

A

decreased

39
Q

At low lung volumes, extra-alveolar vessel resistance _______, which _______ total PVR.

A

increases; increases

40
Q

At high lung volumes, alveolar vessel resistance _____ which _____ total PVR.

A

increases; increases

41
Q

At high lung volumes, ______ vessel resistance increases which increases total PVR.

A

alveolar

42
Q

At low lung volumes, _____ vessel resistance increases, which increases total PVR.

A

extra-alveolar

43
Q

The volume of air in the lungs after a normal (TV) expiration.

A

FRC (Functional Residual Capacity):

44
Q

Zone 3 (at Base) has the highest ____ and thus the highest blood flow per alveolus.

A

hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

When in an upright position, there is a _____ difference in pulmonary arterial pressure from the apex to the base of the lung. Due to gravity!

A

23 mmHg

46
Q

Which zone of the lung has greatest blood flow?

A

Zone 3

47
Q

The hydrostatic pressure of the blood inside of the capillaries (Pa) favors _____ (filtration or absorption); also helps to keep the vessels open

A

filtration

48
Q

Is Pa greater in zone 3 or zone 1?

A

Zone 3

49
Q

The ______ (largely based on alveolar air pressure–PALV) outside of the capillary opposes filtration and favors vessel collapse.

A

tissue pressure

50
Q

Zone ____: Pa is lower than PA. Capillaries are compressed.

A

Zone 1

51
Q

If Pa _____ (hemorrhage) or PA _____ (positive pressure breathing), a greater potion of the lung is converted to Zone 1.

A

drops; increases

52
Q

Zone ____: Higher Pa (due to gravity) means that Pa is higher than PA during systole. During diastole Pa will drop lower than PA. Thus blood flow is intermittent.

A

Zone 2

53
Q

Zone _____:Highest Pa (due to gravity). Region of continuous blood flow because Pa remains higher than PA during both systole and diastole

A

Zone 3

54
Q

The majority of healthy lungs use which zones for gas exchange?

A

Zone 2 and 3

55
Q

Exercise converts zone ____ to zone ___

A

2 to 3

56
Q

When in the supine position, the lungs mostly have zone _____ blood flow

A

ZOne 2

57
Q

Normal Whole Lung V/Q is ____

A

0.8

58
Q

Do lungs receive more blood or air?

A

Blood

59
Q

In a normal individual, the apex of the lung has a ____ V/Q than the rest of the lung.

A

higher

60
Q

As one moves from Zone 1 to Zone 3, there is a slower increase in ____ than ______

A

ventilation than blood flow.

61
Q

_____ breaths in upright position cause V/Q mismatch because air flows to upper lobes and blood to lower lobes.

A

Fast, shallow

62
Q

Alveoli at the ____ of the lungs receives more ventilation than those in the ____

A

base; apex

63
Q

The pulmonary capillaries at the ___ on the lungs receive more blood flow than those in the ____

A

base; apex

64
Q 
In the \_\_\_\_ of the lung;
Intrapleural pressure is more negative
Greater transmural pressure gradient
Alveoli larger and less compliant
Less ventilation
A

Apex

65
Q 
In the \_\_\_\_ of the lung:
Intrapleural pressure is less negative
Smaller transmural pressure gradient
Alveoli smaller and more compliant
More ventilation
A

Base

66
Q 
In the \_\_\_\_ of the lung:
Greater vascular pressures
More recruitment, distension
Lower resistance
Greater blood flow
A

Base

67
Q 
In the \_\_\_\_ of the lung:
Lower intravascular pressures
Less recruitment, distension
Higher resistance
Less blood flow
A

Apex

68
Q

Apex of Lung: V/Q ratio = ____

A

> 1.0

69
Q

If VENTILATION is limited, •V/Q is ____

A

Decreased

70
Q

If VENTILATION is limited, Thus O2 is ___ & CO2 is ___

A

Decrease; Increase

71
Q

If VENTILATION is limited, Smooth muscles in the ____ constrict

A

Vasoconstrict

72
Q

V/Q mismatch responds to ____ feedback

A

Negative

73
Q

If PERFUSION is limited, •V/Q is ____

A

Increased

74
Q

If PERFUSION is limited,•Thus O2 is ___ & CO2 is ___

A

Increased; Decreased

75
Q

If PERFUSION is limited,•Smooth muscles in the ____ constrict

A

Bronchoconstrict

76
Q

Blood traverses pulmonary capillaries in ____ seconds and gas exchange must occur during this time frame

A

0.3 -0.8 seconds

77
Q

If Pif is negative, it is a _____ pressure

A

Filtration

78
Q

The following are ______ pressures
•Capillary Pressure (Pc) = 7 mmHg•Interstitial Fluid Pressure (Pif) = -8 mmHg (use absolute value)
•Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure (if) = 14 mm Hg

A

Filtration Pressures (29 mmHg)

79
Q

Fluid that leaves the capillaries is absorbed by _____ circulation and returned to the circulation.

A

lymphatic

80
Q

The balance of pulmonary capillary and interstitial hydrostatic and colloid pressures can be disrupted resulting in _____ (large increases in net capillary filtration).

A

pulmonary edema

81
Q

______ can occur with left sided heart failure, mitral valve stenosis, damage to pulmonary capillary membranes, etc.

A

Pulmonary edema

82
Q

Extra fluid that enters the alveoli will be sucked into the interstitial space due to the slight negative pressure and then picked up by lymphatic capillaries. This keeps the alveoli ____

A

dry

Phys Exam 4 (6 decks)

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