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Phys Exam 4 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Attaches to the surface of the lung

A

Visceral Pleura:

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2
Q

Covers the surface of the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum

A

Parietal Pleura:

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3
Q

Contains a very thin layer of pleural fluid under negative pressure.

A

Pleural Space:

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4
Q

The pressure in the pleural space is referred to as the

A

Intrapleural Pressure (PIP)

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5
Q

____ is subatmospheric pressure, which ensures that the lungs are held to the chest wall and will move with the chest wall during inspiration & expiration.

A

Intrapleural Pressure PIP

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6
Q

A _______ is excess fluid in the pleural space, which makes lung Expansion difficult so the person will breathe shallow and fast.

A

pleural effusion

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7
Q

The right lung has ____ lobes

A

three

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8
Q

The left lung has ____ lobes

A

2

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9
Q

T/F: Each lung has zones that differ in the amount of air (ventilation; V) and blood (perfusion; Q) that they receive.

A

True

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10
Q

There is greater ventilation (V) of alveoli and blood flow (Q) into capillaries in zone ___ compared to the other zones.

A

3

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11
Q

Best region for gas exchange. Normally, most of the lungs are zones ___ and ____

A

3 and 2

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12
Q

Which zone does a healthy lung not have?

A

Zone 1

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13
Q

What are the 2 zones of the airways?

A

Conducting zone and Respiratory zone

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14
Q

In what zone of airways does gas exchange of gases occur?

A

Respiratory zone

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15
Q

Amount of air in function zone of air way is called ____

A

anatomic dead space

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16
Q

The diameter of the tubes ______ as you move down

A

decreases

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17
Q

the number tubes ______ as you move down

A

increases

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18
Q

There is a large _____ in surface area as you move deeper into the conducting zone and exchange surfaces.

A

increase

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19
Q

Airways have a ______ in cartilage and an _____ in smooth muscle as you move along the airways.

A

decrease; increase

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20
Q

In the ____ Zone of airways, air is warmed, humidified and filtered.

A

Conducting

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21
Q

______ prevents collapse of airways

A

Cartilage

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22
Q

______ alters resistance to airflow of airways

A

Smooth muscle

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23
Q

The ____ Zone of airways has a Greater Surface Area to Optimize the Surface Area Available for Gas Exchange.

A

Respiratory

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24
Q

Total cross-sectional area greatly increases in the respiratory zone, so velocity of air flow this zone is ____.

A

low

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25
Q

The basement membrane of the endothelium and of the alveolar epithelium are ____.

A

fused

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26
Q

What are the 3 cells types in alveoli?

A

Type 1 cells, Type 2 alveolar, and Macrophages

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27
Q

What kind of cell is the type 1 cell in alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cell

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28
Q

What does the type 2 alveolar cell produce in alveoli?

A

Surfactant

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29
Q

The typical transit time at rest for an erythrocyte through an alveolar capillary is ____ seconds.

A

0.75 seconds

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30
Q

Gas exchange is usually complete in ____ seconds, so even during exercise when the capillary transit time is faster, there is still time for gas exchange to reach diffusion equilibrium

A

0.25 seconds

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31
Q

What is the PACO2 in diffusion equilibrium?

A

40 mm Hg

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32
Q

What is the PAO2 in diffusion equilibrium?

A

100 mm Hg

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33
Q

What types of muscles are respiratory muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles

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34
Q

Where are the neurons for respiratory located in brain?

A

Medulla and pons

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35
Q

____ Muscles: –Diaphragm, external intercostals–Contraction INCREASES the size of the thorax and lungs (causing decreasing PALV)

A

Inspiratory muscles

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36
Q

___ Muscles: used for forced expiration only–Internal Intercostals, abdominal muscles–Contraction DECREASES the size of the thorax and lungs (causing
increased PALV)

A

Expiratory muscles

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37
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, and diaphragm

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38
Q

What muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus, and rectus abdominus

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39
Q

The _______ is the primary inspiratory muscle. It arches over the liver and moves down like a piston when it contracts, which increases the size of the thoracic cavity and reduces the pressure in the thorax/lungs.

A

diaphragm

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40
Q

The ______ muscles push abdominal contents up against the diaphragm (compressing the lungs)

A

abdominal

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41
Q

and the _____ depress the ribs

A

internal intercostals

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42
Q

Air moves from _____ pressure to _____ pressure

A

high; low

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43
Q

What is the equation for Boyle’s law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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44
Q

If pressure increases, volume will _____

A

decrease

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45
Q

For air to ENTER the lungs, the pressure in the alveoli (PALV) must be ____ than atmospheric pressure (PATM)

A

lower

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46
Q

For air to LEAVE the lungs, the pressure in the alveoli (PALV) must be _____ than atmospheric pressure (PATM)

A

higher

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47
Q

Do lungs want to recoil in or out?

A

In

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48
Q

Does chest want to recoil in or out?

A

Out

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49
Q

The elastic recoil of the lungs favors a _____ in lung volume or compression

A

decrease

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50
Q

What are the 2 reasons why The elastic recoil of the lungs favors a decrease in lung volume or compression

A

Elastic fibers and surface tension

51
Q

The _____ fluid overcomes that recoil, keeping the two attached together, so when the chest (thorax) moves, the lungs move with it.

A

intrapleural

52
Q

What is the equation for transmural/ transpulmonary pressure?

A

PTP = Palv – Pip

53
Q

The transmural/ transpulmonary pressure must ____ to produce inspiration

A

Increase

54
Q

The transmural/ transpulmonary pressure must ____ to produce expiration

A

Decrease

55
Q

If PIP= PATM, then PTP is 0 and there is no longer a force to keep the lungs open called ___

A

(Pneumothorax).

56
Q

____ Begin at rest when Patm = P

A

Inspiration

57
Q

Inspiratory Muscles contract and the VOLUME of the thorax (and lungs) ____

A

increases.

58
Q

What is the tidal volume of the lungs

A

500 mL

59
Q

What is relaxed breathing called?

A

Eupnea

60
Q

In expiration, how are volume and pressure changed?

A

Volume decreases and pressure increases

61
Q

For ____, Palv < Patm

A

inspiration

62
Q

For _____, Palv > Patm

A

expiration

63
Q

ability of the lung to stretch

A

Lung compliance

64
Q

lung’s ability to return to its normal, resting position.

A

elasticity—

65
Q

Alveoli in the _____ of the lungs are more compliant and undergo greater expansion during inspiration

A

base

66
Q

Lungs with lower compliance (ex. Pulmonary Fibrosis)require a larger ______ to increase volume

A

transpulmonary pressure (PTP)

67
Q

____ disease (ex. Pulmomary Fibrosis) decreased compliance: Will breathe shallow and fast to reduce the work of breathing.

A

Restrictive Lung Disease

68
Q

_______ (ex. Emphysema)Elastic fibers destroyed increased compliance: Will breathe deep and slowly to reduce the work of breathing.

A

Obstructive Lung Disease

69
Q

Force that occurs at any gas-liquid interface due to the cohesive forces between liquid molecules.

A

Surface Tension:

70
Q

_____ Accounts for Two-Thirds ofPulmonary Elasticity

A

Surface Tension

71
Q

_____ Accounts for the remaining one-Third of Pulmonary Elasticity

A

Elastic fibers in the lungs

72
Q

The _______ describes the relationship between surface tension and radius of an alveolus.

A

Law of LaPlace

73
Q

If two alveoli are connected and the surface tension of each is equal, the pressure in the small alveolus is greater. Because of this, air will flow into the _________ alveolus.

A

Larger

74
Q

____ reduces surface tension and equalizes pressure between alveoli of different sizes.

A

Surfactant

75
Q

____ is secreted by Type II alveolar cells. It decreases surface tension (thus elasticity) and increases compliance.

A

Pulmonary surfactant

76
Q

Surfactant _____ surface tension

A

Decreases

77
Q

Surfactant _____ compliance

A

Increases

78
Q

Surfactant is primarily made up of _____

A

phospholipids

79
Q

Surfactant decreases the work of ______

A

inspiration.

80
Q

Surfactant production is ______ with hyperinflation of the lungs (sighing and yawning), exercise and Beta-adrenergic agonists.

A

increased

81
Q

Multiple pathologies are associated with decreases in _______ production – Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chronic Smoking

A

surfactant

82
Q

: EPI on β2, Decreased O2, IncreasedCO2

A

Bronchodilation

83
Q

: ACH on M, Increased O2, Decreased CO2, Histamine

A

Bronchoconstriction

84
Q

The airways with the smallest radius (r) have the ____ individual resistance (R), but the total resistance (R) of that generation is the ____.

A

highest; smallest

85
Q

Tidal volume should be around _____

A

500 mL

86
Q

____ mL of Anatomic dead space per pound of ideal body weight, which is the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

A

1 mL

87
Q

____ = IRV + ERV + TV

A

Vital Capacity. a.VC

88
Q

______ = VC + RV

A

Total Lung Capacity. a.TLC

89
Q

_____ = TV + IRV

A

Inspiratory Capacity a.IC

90
Q

______ = ERV + RV

A

Functional Residual Capacity a. FRC

91
Q

Minute, Pulmonary or Total Ventilation = _____ x ____

A

Tidal volume (ml/breath) X Respiration Rate (breaths/minute)

92
Q

____ = (Tidal volume – Dead Space Volume) X Respiration Rate

A

Alveolar Ventilation

93
Q

______ = Tidal volume (ml/breath) X Respiration Rate (breaths/minute)

A

Minute, Pulmonary or Total Ventilation

94
Q

It is better to breathe deeper instead or faster

A

deeper

95
Q

T/F: It is better to breathe deeper instead of faster as deeper breaths get more air into the respiratory zone for gas exchange!

A

True

96
Q

Volume of air forcibly expired after maximal inhalation

A

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):

97
Q

Fraction of FVC expired during the first second

A

Forced Expiration Volume 1 (FEV1):

98
Q

Normal FEV1/FVC = ____

A

0.8 (80%)

99
Q

Increased rate or volume due to higher metabolism; Ex. exercise

A

Hypernea

100
Q

Increased rate or volume without increased metabolism; Ex. emotions; blowing up a balloon

A

Hyperventilation

101
Q

Decreased alveolar ventilation

A

Hypoventilation

102
Q

Rapid breathing rate usually with decreased depth

A

Tachypnea

103
Q

Difficulty breathing; air hunger

A

Dyspnea

104
Q

Normal, quiet breathing takes ____% of total body energy

A

3-5%

105
Q

____ diseases •Due to increased Airway Resistance

A

Obstructive

106
Q

___ diseases include: Asthma–Emphysema–Bronchitis–Cystic Fibrosis

A

Obstructive diseases

107
Q

____ diseases include: Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Restrictive diseases

108
Q

____ diseases: due to decreased lung compliance

A

Restrictive diseases

109
Q

Do obstructive diseases primarily impact expiration or inspiration?

A

Expiration

110
Q

Do restrictive diseases primarily impact expiration or inspiration?

A

Inspiration

111
Q

Individuals with obstructive diseases will breathe ____ and ____

A

slow and deep.

112
Q

Individuals with restrictive diseases will breathe ____ and ____

A

fast and shallow.

113
Q

____ is a IgE Mediated -Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

Atopic Asthma

114
Q

In _____, An allergen leads to an inflammatory response that causes bronchospasms that obstruct airflow. Chronic inflammation can lead to impaired mucociliary response, edema and increased airway responsiveness.

A

Atopic Asthma

115
Q

Treatment Options for ____:Quick-relief medications: β2 agonists, anticholinergic agents, etc. Long-term medications: inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, etc.

A

Atopic Asthma

116
Q

_____ can occur with respiratory infections, exercise, hyperventilation, cold air, inhaled irritants, aspirin and other NSAIDS

A

Nonatopic Asthma

117
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder resulting in defective chloride ion transport (mutation in CFTR ion channel) that results in an abnormally thick mucus that obstructs airways.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

118
Q

Treatments for ______: •Antibiotics•Chest Physical Therapy (percussion and postural drainage)•Mucolytic agents•Pancreatic enzyme replacement

A

Cystic Fibrosis

119
Q

Destruction of elastic fibers & enlargement of airspaces due to destruction of airspace walls.

A

Emphysema

120
Q

_____ Leads to…… (1)Airway collapse which increases R and decreases F (2)Damage to alveolar membrane so decreased gas exchange.(3) decreased Elasticity and increased Compliance

A

Emphysema

121
Q

Normally the enzyme _____ inactivates elastase before it can destroy the elastic fibers.

A

α1-anti-trypsin

122
Q

______ Diseases:

  1. Any pulmonary problem that limits lung expansion (decreases lung compliance)
  2. Tissue injury leads to chronic inflammation and the normal architecture of the lungs is disrupted and is replaced with scar tissue/fibrosis (the collagen fibers decrease lung compliance)
  3. Low compliance
  4. Work of breathing increases
A

Restrictive Respiratory

123
Q

____ diseases:
Patient finds it much more difficult to inhale; Patient breathes fast and shallow. Because shallow breaths decrease alveolar ventilation there is decreased gas exchange.

A

Restrictive Respiratory

124
Q

Signs and Symptoms of ____ diseases :Increased respiratory rateChronic cough (dry, non-productive)Polycythemia due to hypoxia

A

Restrictive Respiratory

Phys Exam 4 (6 decks)

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