Respiratory 2 Flashcards
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
T4 - sternal angle - into 2 bronchi
How many secondary bronchi do we have?
Right - 3 and left - 2
Where does the hyaline cartilage end?
Conducting bronchioles - when bronchi turns to bronchioles
How many lobes and fissures does the lung have?
Right has 3 lobes - superior, horizontal fissure, middle, oblique fissure and inferior
Left has 2 lobes - superior, oblique fissure and inferior
How many borders does the lung have and what are their features?
Anterior is sharp and vertical
Posterior is round and smooth
Inferior is bottom and dome shapes
How many surfaces does the lung have and what are they?
3 surfaces
Costal is outer - convex
Mediastinal is concave in middle where organs are found
Diaphragmatic is inferior - dome shaped as attached to diaphragm
Root vs Hilum?
Root is found in Hilum area of lung. It’s where bronchus, arteries, veins, nerves etc enter or exit the lung
How are structures organised in the Hilum?
Both lobes have pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and bronchus, but positions and organisation of each differ in the Hilum of each lobe
What is found in the left lungs mediastinal surface? (5)
Heart cardiac impression, aorta (aortic impression), descending thoracic aorta, oesophagus and left vagus nerve
What is found in the right lungs mediastinal surface? (4)
Heart cardiac impression, superior and inferior vena cava, azygous vein
How many bronchial arteries do we have and where? What do they do?
Yes, 2 on the left and 1 on the right
Supply nutrition to lungs
much higher pressure than pulmonary arteries
What are bronchopulmonary segments?
10 segment on each lung. Have clinical use
What nervous innervation do we have for the lungs?
Pulmonary plexus and Phrenic nerve
What is the innervation to the lung pleura?
Visceral is autonomic - cant feel pain
Parietal is served by somatic nerves - it can feel pain
What is the pleural reflection and pleural recess?
Reflection is place where parietal pleura changes direction of travel
Recess is increased space between layers of pleura at pleural reflection
What are the 4 sections of pleura?
Cervical parietal pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura and mediastianal pleura
What is the costomediastinal reflection point?
Where the name of parietal pleura changed due to reflection
What does the pulmonary plexus split into and its functions?
Sympathetic innervation from T2-T5 causes bronchodilation and constriction of pulmonary vessels
Parasympathetic innervation comes from the vagus nerve ad causes bronchoconstriction, dilation of pulmonary vessels and glandular secretion
What is the diaphragmatic superior surface made from?
parietal pleura
What vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4
What vertebral level foes the trachea begin?
C6
Which bronchus are aspirated objects more likely to pass?
left as its shorter, wider and more vertical than right
What is the surface anatomy of the oblique fissure on both lungs?
starts at 3rd thoracic spine and ends at 6th costal cartilage
What is the surface anatomy of the horizontal fissure?
4th right costal cartilage and meets oblique fissure posteriorly
Whatare the landmarks of the lungs at the mid clavicular, midaxillary and midscapular line?
T6, T8, T10
What is the landmarks of the parietal pleura at the mid clavicular, midaxillary and midscapular line?
T8, T10, T12
Where is the heart found anatomically?
found in the anterior border of the left lung from ribs 4-6
The oblique and horizontal fissures follow the route of which ribs?
oblique - 6th
horizontal - 4th
Where would you insert a needle for lung aspiration?
5th to 9th intercostal spaces midaxillary line. if in 10th, abdominal cavity may be penetrated
Where would you insert a needle for heart?
cardiac notch between ribs 4-6 anteriorly
