Respiratory 1 Flashcards
What is the purpose of costal cartilage?
Continuation of the ribs attaching to sternum
What is the purpose of the thoracic cage?
Protect organs in the thoracic cavity
What does the thoracic inlet articulate with and what’s another name for it?
Superior thoracic aperture. posteriorly with 1st vertebral body. Laterally with 1st pair of ribs. Anteriorly with manubrium of sternum
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
Top - manubrium
Middle - sternal body
Bottom - xiphoidoses
What is another name for the thoracic outlet and what does it articulate with?
Inferior thoracic aperture. 12th vertebral body inferiorly. 11th and 12th pair of ribs laterally. Costal cartilage of xiphisternal joint anteriorly
What is significant about 1st rib?
Broad and flat.
Has only 1 costal facet on head, articulating with 1st vertebra only.
It’s tubercle articulates with transverse process on first vertebra - costotransverse joint
2 shallow grooves separated by tubercle.
- grooves are for subclavian artery (medial) and subclavian vein (distal)
What are a features of a typical rib?
Head with 2 articular facets
Neck
Tubercle
Body with grooves
What is a costotransverse joint?
Synovial planar joint attaching rib tubercle to transverse process on same number vertebra
Where does a rib’s articular facets articulate?
Superior facet articulates with above vertebral body
Inferior facet articulates with same number vertebral body
What ribs are sternocostal joints?
2-7
What ribs are interchondral joints and what do they join?
8-10. Synovial planar, binding cartilage together
Which joints are synchondroses?
Primary cartilagenous joints
1st rib and manubrium of sternum - costosternal
Xiphoid and sternal body - xiphisternal joint
Which joint is symphysis?
Manubriosternal joint
The sternal angle between the manubrium and sternal body
Where are costal grooves found and what runs down them?
On the inside of the ribs. Veins, arteries and nerves VAN
Which intercostal muscles are present?
3 layers
Outermost is external intercostal
Middle is internal intercostal
Innermost is innermost intercostal
What is the arterial supply of the thoracic cage?
Posterior intercostal arteries branched off thoracic aorta
Subclavian artery branches to internal thoracic artery which branches to anterior intercostal arteries
Thoracic cage supplied by branches of axillary arteries
What is the venous drainage of the thoracic cage?
Azygous vein, which has hemizygous veins as branches
Also internal thoracic veins
All drain into vena cava
What is the lymphatic drainage of the chest?
Right - right lymphatic duct and then right subclavian internal jugular junction
Left - thoracic duct and then left subclavian internal jugular junction
What is the lymphatic drainage of the breast? (3)
Axillary lymph nodes, parasternal lymph nodes, abdominal lymph nodes
What is the mediastinum and how is it split?
Superior is above sternal angle
Inferior mediastinum is split into 3
Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
Middle mediastinum holds heart
What are the 3 peripheral attachments to the diaphragm and the 1 central attachment?
Lumbar vertebra
Costal margins rib 7-12
Xiphoid process
Central tendon is to fibrous pericardium
Where do the left and right crus arise from?
Left is L1-L2
Right is L1-L3
What is the purpose of crus?
Both attach to vertebra and assist muscular contraction
Right helps prevent gas reflux
What and where are the three hiatuses of the diaphragm?
T8 - caval opening
T10 - oesophageal hiatus
T12 - aortic hiatus
What passes through the caval opening? Where is it?
at the central tendenous part of the diaphragm. Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve which supplies diaphragm
Phrenic nerve is C3-C5
What passes through the oesophageal hiatus?
Oesophagus and vagus nerves (10th pair cranial nerves)
What does the vagus nerve supply?
Heart, lungs, abdominal and thoracic organs
What passes through the aortic hiatus?
Aorta, azygous vein, hemizygous vein and thoracic duct
Between which muscles does the costal grooves (VAN) run down?
Between internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles
What structures can be found in the inferior posterior mediastinum?
oesophagus, descending thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygous and hemizygous
What structure is found in the inferior anterior mediastinum?
thymus
What does the sternum articulate with?
1st costal cartilage - manubrium
2nd costal cartilage - manubriosternal joint
3-6th costal cartilage - sternal body
7th costal cartilage - xiphosternal joint
What is the blood supply to the lungs?
brachial arteries. 2 on left 1 on right. bronchial veins bring back oxygenated blood
What nerve innervates the rest of the diaphragm?
lower 6 intercostal nerves supply parietal pleura of diaphragm but not superior surface, which is innervated by phrenic nerve.
