Respiratory

Question 1

Function of Sinuses

Answer 1

Sines are air filled cavities in the skull that lighten the skull’s weight, humidify and filter inhaled air, Enhance vocal resonance. They can become inflamed (sinusitis) when obstructed or infected.

Question 2

Main Parts of the Larynx

Answer 2

Epiglottis (Prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing)
Arytenoid Cartilages (Open and close the vocal cords)
Vocal Cords (Produce sound and regulate airflow)

Question 3

Structures in the Guttural Pouches

Answer 3

Include internal carotid artery and cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal)
Serve to cool blood traveling to the brain

Question 4

Trachea, Carina, Bronchi

Answer 4

Trachea (Main airway, lined with cilia to clear mucus)
Carina (Bifurcation point dividing into the left and right main bronchi)
Bronchi (Lead air to the lungs and subdivide into bronchioles)

Question 5

Trachea Epithelium Function

Answer 5

Lined with ciliated pseudostraitifed column epithelium and goblet cells.
cilia move mucus and trapped particles upward the mucociliary escalator
Protect lungs from debris and pathogens

Question 6

Mediastinum Function

Answer 6

Central thoracic space operating the left and right pleural cavities
Contains heart and great vessels
Esophagus
Lymph nodes and trachea
Horse have a fenestrated (perforated) mediastinum allowing limited airflow and fluid between pleural spaces

Question 7

Alveolar Structure and Surfactant

Answer 7

Alveoli (Thin walled spaces where gate exchange occur)
Surfactant (Lipoprotein reducing surface tension preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation)
Type 1 (gas exchange)
Type 2 (Surfactant)

Question 8

Signs of the Lung Injury

Answer 8

Atlectasis (Collapse of alveoli)
Consolidation (Fluid filled lung tissue)
Access formation (Pus filled pockets due to infection)
Lead to inefficient gas exchange

Question 9

Nasal Air flow

Answer 9

Normal airflow should be symmetric
Reduce airflow may indicate obstruction, inflammation, or infection
Increase nasal flare may indicate exercise, excitement, heat stress or potential respiratory distress

Question 10

Types of Nasal Secretion

Answer 10

Serous: Clear and Water (Early infection or cold weather )
Mucoid: Thick, sticky (chronic inflammation)
Purulent: Yellow and green (Bacterial infection)
Hemorrhagic: Blood stained (trauma or fungal infection)

Question 11

Cough and Respiratory Effort

Answer 11

Coughing is associated with irritation, infection, or inflammation of the airways
Increased Effort may indicate airway obstruction or lung disease

Question 12

Respiratory Noise

Answer 12

Stridor: High-pitched noise, indicate upper airway obstruction
Stretor: Snoring like sound, linked to nasal or pharyngeal obstruction

Question 13

Importance of Fever in Respiratory Disease

Answer 13

Fever indicates inflammation or infection
Guides diagnostic workup and treatment

Question 14

Auscultation Noises

Answer 14

Crackles: Fluis in alveoli
Wheezes: Narrowed airways
Tracheal Rattle: Excess mucus in large airways

Question 15

Rebreathing Exam

Answer 15

Evaluates lung function by increasing CO2, prompting deeper breaths.
Assesses tolerance, coughing, and recovery

Question 16

Testing for Viral and Bacterial Disease

Answer 16

Viral: PCR, virus isolation, and paired titers
Bacterial: Culture, cytological analysis

Question 17

Importances of Ultrasound

Answer 17

Identifies pleural fluid, lung abscesses., or surface abnormalities

Question 18

Use of X-Ray

Answer 18

Global view of thoracic structure, including lung consolidation or masses

Question 19

Transtracheal Wash Purpose

Answer 19

Collects lower airway secretion to identify pathogens

Question 20

Endoscopy Purpose

Answer 20

Detects structural abnormalities, inflammation, or masses in the airway

Question 21

Bronchoalveolar Wash Purpose

Answer 21

Samples cells from smaller airways for diagnosis or inflammatory and infectious conditions

Question 22

Rattlesnake Bite Signs and Treatment

Answer 22

Signs: Swelling, nasal discharge, respiratory distress
Treatment: Emergency tracheotomy made be need to maintain airflow, anti venom. NSAID, tube in nostrils, fluids

Question 23

Ethmoid Hematoma

Answer 23

Blood filled masse located deep within in the horse’s nasal cavity Signs maybe Low grade unilateral epistaxis
Treat with Formalin injection, ease, or surgical removal
Recurrence is common

Question 24

Nasal Polyps Signs

Answer 24

Soft, noncancerous growths
Obstruct airflow
Result from chronic irritation
+/- unilateral nasal discharge

Question 25

Sinusitis

Answer 25

Inflammation in the sinuses
Signs: Unilateral discharge, foul odor, swelling
Treatment: Address infection or treat the underlying tooth problem

Question 26

Laryngeal Hemiplegia

Answer 26

is caused by a breakdown of the laryngeal nerve, which leads to paralysis of the arytenoid cartilages that open and close to allow air into the lungs.
Signs: Roaring Nose and Excerise intolerance
Treatment: Tie back surgery, however the horse is now at risk aspiration pneumonia

Question 27

Arytenoid Chondritis

Answer 27

Inflammation that closes it up
Signs: Noise, distress
Treatment: Cartilage removal and antibiotics

Question 28

Epiglottis Entrapment

Answer 28

Membrane traps epiglottis and causing noise
Treatment
Laser correction of the fold

Question 29

Strangles

Answer 29

Cause by Streptococcus equi.
Signs: Abscesses, nasal discharge, fever.
Treatment: Biosecurity, isolation, antibiotics​
Primarily in young horses
Transmission through direct contact with discharge, exposure to fomites, new additions to herds, Carrier without clinical signs
Incubation period 2-6 days
Shedding 2-3 weeks or longer
Contagious maybe for 6 weeks
Carries in guttural pouch Hard pus balls
Can be metastatic (Bastrad Strangles)

Question 30

Guttural Pouch Mycosis

Answer 30

Fungal Infection causing severe bleeding and nerve damage
Plague attached
Treatment: Surgery to ligate affected vessels

Question 31

EIPH

Answer 31

Bleeding in the lungs from his pulmonary pressure
Treated with diuretics (furosemide)

Question 32

Shipping Fever

Answer 32

Transport associated pneumonia
Precent by frequent stops, allowing horse to put head down, hydration, and monitoring

Question 33

Pleuropneumonia Stages and Treatment

Answer 33

Stages: Exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organization
Treatment: Antibiotics, drainage, and supportive care

Question 34

Equine Herpes Virus

Answer 34

Rhino pneumonitis
EHV! more serious because of the abortion, sporadic paralytic, and neurological disease
Versus replicate in musical surface can be effective or latent (dormant)
Prevent: Through vaccination and biosecurity

Question 35

Rhodococcus Pneumonia

Answer 35

Foal pneumonia causing abscesses.
Caused by spores (areas worse)
Shed in manure
Prevention: Hygiene, plasma transfusion​

Question 36

Inflammatory Airway Diseases

Answer 36

Milder asthma with normal breathing at rest; triggered by dust​

Question 37

Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Answer 37

Severe asthma causing “heaves”;
Signs: Cough, nostril flare, tachypnea, exercise intolerance e, Heave line
Digsnosis with rebreathing and Bronchoalveolar lavage

Question 38

Asthma Management

Answer 38

Remove and dont feed dusty or moldy hay
Improve ventilation
Try to not house horse in dusty condition or smoke
Soak hay
Dont feed large bales

Question 39

Asthma Treatment

Answer 39

Inhaled treatments: Bronchodilators and steroids
Systemic with antihistamines or steroids

Question 40

Purpura hemorragia

Answer 40

Causes blood vessels to swell and leak, resulting in edema usually in the limbs, rashes on mucous membranes and stiffnessIs often triggered by an abnormal immune repose usually to a vaccine