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A&P2 Respiratory > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

Provides the surface area necessary for gas exchange, pulmonary ventilation, sound production, protection, facilitates olfactory stimulation (smell), helps maintain pH balance of blood.

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2
Q

The URS includes what structures? and function?

A

-above the larynx (nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx). –The function is to warm, humidify, filter the air, smell, protects lungs.

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3
Q

The LRS includes what structures? and function?

A

-Larynx and below.
-Functions are sound production, conduction of air, and gas exchange.

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4
Q

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible to the conductance of air into the lungs?

A

Conducting portion
-from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

Which part of the respiratory system allows for gas exchange to occur?

A

Respiratory portion
-respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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6
Q

what epithelium for Nasal Cavity?

A

PSCCE (Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium)

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7
Q

what epithelium for Pharynx?

A

Stratified Squamous

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8
Q

what epithelium for
Larynx, trachea, bronchi?

A

PSCCE (Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium)

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9
Q

what epithelium for Bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal (no cilia, no mucous production)

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10
Q

what Epithelium for Alveoli?

A

simple squamous

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11
Q

different components of the respiratory defense system.

A

Hair -filtration
mucous/goblet cells- makes surface moist & sticky
cilia- sweep debris (mucociliary escalator)
macrophages-engulf particles

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12
Q

Describe Cystic fibrosis

A

thick mucous that overwhelm the cilia
Inherited
fatal
respiratory infections
Difficulty breathing

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13
Q

What prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?

A

When we swallow, the larynx is raised, and epiglottis is forced down onto the glottis like a lid.

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14
Q

What prevents air from entering the GI tract?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter.

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15
Q

Vibration of what respiratory structure produces sound waves?

A

Vocal folds

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16
Q

How do we alter the pitch of sound?

A

Movement of the arytenoid cartilages and thyroid cartilage alter tension on vocal cords to change the pitch of sound.

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17
Q

Define phonation

A

Sound production at the vocal folds.

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18
Q

Define Annunciation or Articulation

A

manipulation of sound with teeth, tongue, lips.

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19
Q

the flow of air through the respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli

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20
Q

Which airways deliver air into the lungs?

A

bronchi

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21
Q

Which airways deliver air Into a single pulmonary lobule?

A

Terminal Bronchioles

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22
Q

Which airways deliver air into the alveolar duct?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

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23
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant in the lungs?

A

Septal cells/pneumocytes type II

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24
Q

What is the purpose of that surfactant?

A

Decreases surface tension of water to keep alveoli open/prevent their collapse when we exhale.

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25
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome is common in ______ who don’t produce ______. They have to inhale forcefully to open ___ with each breath.

A

premature infants
surfactant They have to inhale forcefully to open alveoli

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26
Q

what are the cells that are present in the alveolar epithelium and their function?

A

Pneumocytes Type I -Simple squamous cells that are structural.
Pneumocytes type II -(also called septal cells)- produce surfactant.
Alveolar macrophages - Immune system cells that phagocytize abnormal cells and debris.

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27
Q

Pneumocytes Type I is…..

A

Simple squamous cells that are structural.

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28
Q

Pneumocytes type II is….

A

septal cells- produce surfactant

29
Q

Alveolar macrophages is…

A

Immune system cells that phagocytize abnormal cells and debris.

30
Q

Why is the pleural cavity filled with fluid?

A

provides lubrication to decrease friction and the surface tension of the fluid holds the pleural membranes together.

31
Q

What membrane lines the wall of the pleural cavity?

A

Parietal pleura

32
Q

What membrane lines the surface of the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

33
Q

Exchanging gasses with the environment is

A

External/pulmonary respiration

34
Q

the exchange of gasses that occurs in the tissues

A

Internal/Tissue respiration

35
Q

Low tissue oxygen is called

A

Hypoxia

36
Q

A complete lack of oxygen is calle

A

Anoxia

37
Q

Hypercapnia is defined as ____ CO2 concentration in the blood. It can lead to _____ (blood pH ___). This occurs because of _____H+ ions in the blood.

A

high
acidosis
<7.35
too many

38
Q

Hypocapnia is defined as ___ CO2 concentration in the blood. It can lead to ____ (blood pH ___). This occurs because of ____ H+ ions in the blood.

A

low
alkalosis
>7.45
too few

39
Q

Describe the relationship between the volume and pressure (in a gas)

A

If volume increases, pressure decreases. If volume decreases, pressure increases (boyle’s law) inversely

40
Q

The pressure of the air all around us is called the

A

atmospheric pressure

41
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the

A

alveoli

42
Q

Intrapleural pressure is the pressure in the

A

pleural cavity

43
Q

Intrapleural pressure is a ___ pressure because it always remains ____ atmospheric pressure.

A

negative
below

44
Q

In pulmonary ventilation, when the rib cage is elevated or the diaphragm is depressed

A

-the volume of the thoracic cavity increases the
-intrapulmonary pressure decreases
-air flows into the lungs

45
Q

The volume of air inhaled/exhaled in one respiratory cycle is the

A

tidal volume

46
Q

What muscles does normal inhalation utilize?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

47
Q

Normal exhalation utilizes what muscles (if any)?

A

No muscles contract… Normal exhalation utilizes elastic rebound.

48
Q

Quiet breathing

A

eupnea

49
Q

is deep breathing dominated by the DIAPHRAGM

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

50
Q

is shallow breathing dominated by RIB CAGE movements

A

Costal breathing

51
Q

Forced breathing

A

Hyperpnea

52
Q

The pressure contributed by each gas in a mixture

A

Partial pressure

53
Q

The three components of the respiratory membrane are what?

A

Pneumocytes Type I
Endothelial cells
fused basement membrane

54
Q

What is important about these membrane of respiratory membrane?

A

(Think thickness) The membrane is VERY THIN so there is a short distance for gas diffusion/gas exchange.

55
Q

gasses diffuse from

A

high partial pressure to low partial pressure

56
Q

The Pco2 in the alveolar air is 40 mmHg. The Pco2 in the pulmonary capillaries is 45 mmHg. What happens to CO2?

A

CO2 diffuses from blood to air (from high pressure to low pressure)

57
Q

In internal respiration, Oxygen diffuses from

A

Blood to Interstitial fluid and CO2 diffuses from Interstitial fluid to Blood

58
Q

controls the DIAMETER of alveolar capillaries and bronchioles in order to maximize the efficiency of gas exchange.

A

Local regulation

59
Q

ensures the blood and CSF are homeostatic

A

Central regulation

60
Q

Central regulation ensures the blood and CSF are homeostatic in what 3 factors?

A

pH of the blood
CO2 concentration
O2 concentration

61
Q

controls motor neurons of ACCESSORY respiratory muscles and utilized for DEEP BREATHING

A

DRG or dorsal respiratory group

62
Q

adjusts respiratory rate

A

pneumotaxic center OR pontine respiratory group

63
Q

controls MOTOR NEURONS of the diaphragm and external intercostals, so functions during every respiratory cycle (sets basic respiratory rate).

A

VRG or ventral respiratory group

64
Q

pulmonary ventilation is the same as

A

breathing

65
Q

elevation of the rib cage and CONTRACTION of the diaphragm causes

A

increase volume of thoracic cavity
decrease pressure in the thoracic cavity
air flows into the lungs..im short during INHALATION

66
Q

the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes causes

A

decrease volume of thoracic cavity
increase pressure in the thoracic cavity
air flows OUT of the lungs …in short EXHALATION

67
Q

Normal exhalation is a ____process that uses_____

A

Passive process
elastic rebound

68
Q

2 kinds of respiration

A

External/ pulmonary respiration
internal/ tissue respiration

69
Q

pulmonary ventilation goes with

A

atmospheric pressure

A&P2 Respiratory (2 decks)

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