respiratory Flashcards
functions of the respiratory system
Provides the surface area necessary for gas exchange, pulmonary ventilation, sound production, protection, facilitates olfactory stimulation (smell), helps maintain pH balance of blood.
The URS includes what structures? and function?
-above the larynx (nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx). –The function is to warm, humidify, filter the air, smell, protects lungs.
The LRS includes what structures? and function?
-Larynx and below.
-Functions are sound production, conduction of air, and gas exchange.
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible to the conductance of air into the lungs?
Conducting portion
-from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
Which part of the respiratory system allows for gas exchange to occur?
Respiratory portion
-respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
what epithelium for Nasal Cavity?
PSCCE (Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium)
what epithelium for Pharynx?
Stratified Squamous
what epithelium for
Larynx, trachea, bronchi?
PSCCE (Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium)
what epithelium for Bronchioles?
Simple cuboidal (no cilia, no mucous production)
what Epithelium for Alveoli?
simple squamous
different components of the respiratory defense system.
Hair -filtration
mucous/goblet cells- makes surface moist & sticky
cilia- sweep debris (mucociliary escalator)
macrophages-engulf particles
Describe Cystic fibrosis
thick mucous that overwhelm the cilia
Inherited
fatal
respiratory infections
Difficulty breathing
What prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?
When we swallow, the larynx is raised, and epiglottis is forced down onto the glottis like a lid.
What prevents air from entering the GI tract?
Upper esophageal sphincter.
Vibration of what respiratory structure produces sound waves?
Vocal folds
How do we alter the pitch of sound?
Movement of the arytenoid cartilages and thyroid cartilage alter tension on vocal cords to change the pitch of sound.
Define phonation
Sound production at the vocal folds.
Define Annunciation or Articulation
manipulation of sound with teeth, tongue, lips.
the flow of air through the respiratory tract
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli
Which airways deliver air into the lungs?
bronchi
Which airways deliver air Into a single pulmonary lobule?
Terminal Bronchioles
Which airways deliver air into the alveolar duct?
Respiratory bronchiole
What type of cells produce surfactant in the lungs?
Septal cells/pneumocytes type II
What is the purpose of that surfactant?
Decreases surface tension of water to keep alveoli open/prevent their collapse when we exhale.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome is common in ______ who don’t produce ______. They have to inhale forcefully to open ___ with each breath.
premature infants
surfactant They have to inhale forcefully to open alveoli
what are the cells that are present in the alveolar epithelium and their function?
Pneumocytes Type I -Simple squamous cells that are structural.
Pneumocytes type II -(also called septal cells)- produce surfactant.
Alveolar macrophages - Immune system cells that phagocytize abnormal cells and debris.
Pneumocytes Type I is…..
Simple squamous cells that are structural.
Pneumocytes type II is….
septal cells- produce surfactant
Alveolar macrophages is…
Immune system cells that phagocytize abnormal cells and debris.
Why is the pleural cavity filled with fluid?
provides lubrication to decrease friction and the surface tension of the fluid holds the pleural membranes together.
What membrane lines the wall of the pleural cavity?
Parietal pleura
What membrane lines the surface of the lungs?
Visceral pleura
Exchanging gasses with the environment is
External/pulmonary respiration
the exchange of gasses that occurs in the tissues
Internal/Tissue respiration
Low tissue oxygen is called
Hypoxia
A complete lack of oxygen is calle
Anoxia
Hypercapnia is defined as ____ CO2 concentration in the blood. It can lead to _____ (blood pH ___). This occurs because of _____H+ ions in the blood.
high
acidosis
<7.35
too many
Hypocapnia is defined as ___ CO2 concentration in the blood. It can lead to ____ (blood pH ___). This occurs because of ____ H+ ions in the blood.
low
alkalosis
>7.45
too few
Describe the relationship between the volume and pressure (in a gas)
If volume increases, pressure decreases. If volume decreases, pressure increases (boyle’s law) inversely
The pressure of the air all around us is called the
atmospheric pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the
alveoli
Intrapleural pressure is the pressure in the
pleural cavity
Intrapleural pressure is a ___ pressure because it always remains ____ atmospheric pressure.
negative
below
In pulmonary ventilation, when the rib cage is elevated or the diaphragm is depressed
-the volume of the thoracic cavity increases the
-intrapulmonary pressure decreases
-air flows into the lungs
The volume of air inhaled/exhaled in one respiratory cycle is the
tidal volume
What muscles does normal inhalation utilize?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Normal exhalation utilizes what muscles (if any)?
No muscles contract… Normal exhalation utilizes elastic rebound.
Quiet breathing
eupnea
is deep breathing dominated by the DIAPHRAGM
Diaphragmatic breathing
is shallow breathing dominated by RIB CAGE movements
Costal breathing
Forced breathing
Hyperpnea
The pressure contributed by each gas in a mixture
Partial pressure
The three components of the respiratory membrane are what?
Pneumocytes Type I
Endothelial cells
fused basement membrane
What is important about these membrane of respiratory membrane?
(Think thickness) The membrane is VERY THIN so there is a short distance for gas diffusion/gas exchange.
gasses diffuse from
high partial pressure to low partial pressure
The Pco2 in the alveolar air is 40 mmHg. The Pco2 in the pulmonary capillaries is 45 mmHg. What happens to CO2?
CO2 diffuses from blood to air (from high pressure to low pressure)
In internal respiration, Oxygen diffuses from
Blood to Interstitial fluid and CO2 diffuses from Interstitial fluid to Blood
controls the DIAMETER of alveolar capillaries and bronchioles in order to maximize the efficiency of gas exchange.
Local regulation
ensures the blood and CSF are homeostatic
Central regulation
Central regulation ensures the blood and CSF are homeostatic in what 3 factors?
pH of the blood
CO2 concentration
O2 concentration
controls motor neurons of ACCESSORY respiratory muscles and utilized for DEEP BREATHING
DRG or dorsal respiratory group
adjusts respiratory rate
pneumotaxic center OR pontine respiratory group
controls MOTOR NEURONS of the diaphragm and external intercostals, so functions during every respiratory cycle (sets basic respiratory rate).
VRG or ventral respiratory group
pulmonary ventilation is the same as
breathing
elevation of the rib cage and CONTRACTION of the diaphragm causes
increase volume of thoracic cavity
decrease pressure in the thoracic cavity
air flows into the lungs..im short during INHALATION
the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes causes
decrease volume of thoracic cavity
increase pressure in the thoracic cavity
air flows OUT of the lungs …in short EXHALATION
Normal exhalation is a ____process that uses_____
Passive process
elastic rebound
2 kinds of respiration
External/ pulmonary respiration
internal/ tissue respiration
pulmonary ventilation goes with
atmospheric pressure
