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A&P2 Respiratory > digestive > Flashcards

digestive Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive tract is also called the

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

the order of the structures that food passes through (including the parts of each structure)

A

Oral cavity -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Duodenum -> Jejunum -> Ilium -> Cecum -> Ascending colon -> Transverse colon -> Descending colon -> Sigmoid colon -> Rectum

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3
Q

the functions of the digestive system (samedip)

A

secretion
absorption
mechanical digestion
excretion
digestion
ingestion
protection

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4
Q

Taking food in (eating)

A

Ingestion

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5
Q

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

A

Mechanical Digestion

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6
Q

Breaking large food molecules into small, absorbable nutrient molecules (breaking chemical bonds via hydrolysis reactions

A

chemical digestion

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7
Q

Releasing substances into the alimentary canal to help in digestion

A

Secretion

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8
Q

Releasing wastes into the alimentary canal for the purpose of removal from the body (putting wastes in the bile) or releasing wastes from the body (defecation of feces)

A

excretion

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9
Q

Moving nutrients, water, vitamins, etc from the alimentary canal into the body (into circulation)

A

Absorption

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10
Q

Vomiting & diarrhea reflexes protect the body from pathogens or toxins that may be ingested

A

Protection

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11
Q

Mechanical processing in the oral cavity is called what?

A

Mastication

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12
Q

Name the three pairs of salivary glands:

A

Parotid, Sublingual, submandibular

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13
Q

What 2 enzymes are in saliva? What do they digest? Where do they work?

A
  1. Salivary Amylase digests carbs in the mouth
  2. Lingual lipase digests lipids mostly in stomach
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14
Q

Esophageal glands produce what type of secretions? Why?

A

Mucous to lubrication/decrease friction

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15
Q

How is food moved down the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

To prevents acid chime from entering the esophagus from the stomach

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17
Q

The semiliquid substance produced in the stomach is called

A

Chyme

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18
Q

the cells present in the gastric glands, what they produce, and the function of the product

A
  • G-Cells: Gastrin: Stimulates gastric secretions, relaxation of pyloric and ileocecal sphincters, stimulates intestinal motility
  • Parietal Cells: Intrinsic factor (needed vit B12 absorption in SI), HCl
  • Chief Cells: Pepsinogen (proenzyme that becomes pepsin which digests protein), gastric lipase which digests lipids
  • Mucous Cells: mucous
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19
Q

G-Cells:

A

Gastrin: Stimulates gastric secretions, relaxation of pyloric and ileocecal sphincters, stimulates intestinal motility

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20
Q

Parietal Cells:

A

Intrinsic factor (needed vit B12 absorption in SI), HCl

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21
Q

Chief Cells:

A

Pepsinogen (proenzyme that becomes pepsin which digests protein), gastric lipase which digests lipids

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22
Q

Mucous Cells:

A

mucous

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23
Q

how HCl and pepsin enter the lumen of the stomach (how do we ensure they don’t damage the cells responsible for making them or the gastric glands):

A

HCl is secreted as H+ and Cl_ ions, Pepsin is secreted as the inactive pepsinogen (activated in lumen due to acidity

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24
Q

Overall, what nutrients get digested in the stomach?

A

proteins and lipids

25
Q

The “mixing bowl” that receives chyme from the stomach and secretions from the liver and pancreas is the…

A

Duodenum

26
Q

Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in what part of the digestive tract? (be specific)

A

Jejunum

27
Q

Villi are …. Their function is to…

A

Finger-like projections of the mucosa in the small intestine… Increase surface area of SI

28
Q

Microvilli are …. Their function is to

A

Tiny projections of plasma membrane of cells in the SI…. Increase Surface area of SI

29
Q

A lacteal is a ____ It is important in the absorption of____

A

Lymphatic capillary
lipids/fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

30
Q

Brunner glands are ___________ glands in the _________. What is the major purpose of their secretion?

A

mucous glands
duodenum
Secrete an alkaline mucous to protect duodenum from acidity of chyme

31
Q

What are brush border enzymes? Where are they? What do they do (typically and after shed)?

A

integral membrane proteins in the small intestine. They initially digest materials in contact with the brush border. They digest materials in the lumen after they are shed.

32
Q

When food enters the duodenum ____and_____ stimulate secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder. They also inhibit gastrin and cause pyloric sphincter contraction.

A

CCK & Secretin

33
Q

stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter so that bile is released into the duodenum.

A

CCK

34
Q

stimulates secretions form the pancreas

A

Secretin

35
Q

Which class of enzymes get secreted as inactive proenzymes?

A

Proteolytic

36
Q

Lacteals are important in the absorption of what type of nutrient?

A

Lipids and fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

37
Q

Pancreatic juice is made by what cells?

A

Acinar Cells

38
Q

Know the type of food that each of the pancreatic enzymes breaks down…

A

lipase- lipids, amlase-sharch/carbs, protease/proteolytic enzymes-proteins, ribonuclease-RNA, deoxyribonuclease- DNA)

39
Q

lipase

A

lipids

40
Q

amylase

A

starch/carbs

41
Q

protease/proteolytic enzymes

A

proteins

42
Q

ribonuclease

A

RNA

43
Q

deoxyribonuclease

A

Dna

44
Q

Pancreatic juice has ____ to neutralize____

A

carbonates
acid chyme

45
Q

What digestive organ produces bile:

A

liver

46
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Store and concentrate bile then secrete into duodenum

47
Q

How do bile salts aid in digestion?

A

Break lipid drops into smaller droplets (emulsification). Provides greater SA for digestive enzymes.

48
Q

Most monosaccharides (glucose) and amino acids are absorbed from the GI tract by ____

A

sodium transporters

49
Q

___and___ are absorbed from the GI tract by sodium transporters

A

monosaccharides (glucose) and amino acids

50
Q

Fatty acids diffuse through the cell membrane of absorptive cells and are eventually packaged into

A

chylomicrons (along with fat soluble vitamins, steroids, and other lipids)

51
Q

Water is absorbed ____along its____

A

passively
osmotic gradient

52
Q

Describe the wall of the large intestine

A

no villi, dominated by mucous glands, NO enzymes produced, longitudinal muscle reduced to the band called the taeniae coli

53
Q

What breaks down food in the large intestine?

A

bacteria

54
Q

What vitamins are produced in the large intestine?

A

Vit K, B5, biotin

55
Q

Water reabsorption form the GI tract occurs where?

A

Large intestine (Cecum to the transverse colon)

56
Q

What would the result be if stool was moved more quickly from the cecum to the transverse colon?

A

Watery stool because of decreased water reabsorption

57
Q

“segmentation” movement that mixes material in the GI tract

A

Haustral churning

58
Q

Powerful peristaltic contractions that move fecal material from transverse colon towards rectum

A

Mass movements

A&P2 Respiratory (2 decks)

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