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physiology- respiratory > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of alveolar macrophage

A
  • rumba vacuum
  • job to take away any bacteria or viruses
  • found in respiratory zone
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2
Q

what is the blood gas barrier

A

separates blood pulmonary capillaries surrounding alveoli with air around inside alveoli

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3
Q

how to calculate pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x respiratory rate

(volume of one breath x number of breaths per minute)

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4
Q

intrapulmonary pressure vs intrapleural space

A

intrapulmonary pressure- pressure in lungs

intrapelural space- fluid filled space

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5
Q

partial pleura membrane vs visceral pleura membrane

A

partial pleura membrane
- thin layer plastic bag around lungs

visceral pleura membrane
- directly on lungs
- allows for smooth movement of lungs

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6
Q

what’s transpulmonary pressure

A

intrapulmonary p - intrapleural p = trans pulmonary pressure

  • the difference in pressure keeps the lungs from collapsing
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7
Q

what happens pneumothorax

A

hole in visceral pleura
- not sealed

transpulomary pressure becomes zero

– lung collapses

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8
Q

bronchial epithelium

A

found in the conducting zone

  • prevent bacteria and viruses from getting into respiratory zone
  • bronchial epithelium is lined with cili– move and push the mucus out through the mouth
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8
Q

what’s the difference between type one and type two cells

A

type one cells-
responsible for gas exchange

type two cells-
have pulmonary surfactant
- thicker

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9
Q

where is pulmonary surfactant made

A

type two cells of the alveolar epithelium

  • reduces surface tension and prevents lung collapse
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10
Q

why do lungs recoil?
what forces increase lung recoil and decrease lung compliance

A
  1. elastic tissue
  2. surface tension
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11
Q

what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS)

A
  • occurs premature infants
  • surfactant system not made yet
  • makes it hard for the baby to breath, low blood oxygen, lung copllase

treatment
- inject surfactant

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12
Q

formula for lung compliance

A
  • change in lung volume divided by change lung pressure

FVC- forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory volume (FEV-1)
= 80% healthy lung

= less than 80% not healthy lung

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13
Q

what is it called inhale as hard as you can?

exhale as hard?

A

inspiratory reserve volume

expiratory reserve volume

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14
Q

what is the volume of air always in your lungs

A

residual volume

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15
Q

what are examples of obstructive lung diseases?

restrictive?

A

asthma
emphysema

restrictive?
- pulmonary fibrosis
- less complaint due to scar tissue

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16
Q

what is asthma

A

airway spasms in smooth muscle

  • airway construction– reduces airflow, and narrows airways

HYPERESPONSIVE
- when exposed to stimuli- airway contracts even smaller- reduced airflow

triggers for smooth muscle to contract
– hard to get air in and out

17
Q

what is emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar walls

  • lost of elastin/ reduces elastic coil
  • hard to exhale– dont have elastic tissue to force air out
    – air sits in lungs

– less alveoli– worse gas exchange

18
Q

how to calculate particle pressure

A

percent of atmosphere air x 760mmhg

19
Q

rate of diffusion formula

A

thickness

– aveloi have huge surface area
– and very thin membranes
– good rate of diffusion

20
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis

A

restrictive lung diseases

  • less complaint due to scar tissue
  • walls thicken of aveloi– makes it hard for gas exchange to occur
  • hard to fill up lungs and stretch them

-inhale problem
- can exhale normally

21
Q

what are the two ways oxygen is transported into the blood

A
  1. dissolved in plasma (not a lot of oxygen is carried this way)
  2. bound to hemoglobin (bound to “heme” protein) (inside erythrocytes) (98%)

3.

22
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin and function

A
  • 4 sub units
  • four globin chains

transports oxygen
brings co2 back to lungs for removal

23
Q
A
  • allows hemoglobin to bind efficiently at a range of particle pressures
  • make sure able to get adequate oxygen supply
  • steep slope- large saturation changes
  • important to be able to get more oxygen in critical times such as when you are working out
24
Q

why is co2 dangerous

A
  • binds yo the heme group better than 02
    -dont notice it is there

try to treat it by oxygen mask– try override the co2 that is on the heme groups

25
Q

how to maximize simple diffusion

A

fick law states

thickness

26
Q

what is dangerous about carbon monoxide

A
  • co bind to heme group better than o2 does
27
Q

how is oxygen transported

A
  1. dissolves in plasma
  2. attached to hemoglobin (4 oxygen molecules can bind at a time)
28
Q

what are the two chemoreceptors and what are they sensitive to

A

peripheral chemoreceptors- aortic arch (heart)

  • sensitive to pH, PO2, PCO2

central chemoreceptors
-in medulla
- only sensitive to PH

29
Q

Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • saturated 4 o2 molecules bonded to heme
  • at rest about 70% saturated, as one O2 molecule goes to tissues
  • since it is at rest the demand for oxygen is not too big
  • so the other three O2 remain bonded to heme group and saved for a higher demand
30
Q

what happens the Bohr effect

A
  • while exercising greater demand for oxygen and energy
  • saturation curve shifts to the right
  • more steep of the slope
  • at rest heme is less saturated with oxygen
  • give more to tissues, because of the higher demand
31
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to

A
  • sensitive to ph, PO2, and PCO2
  • arctic arch and carotid body
32
Q

what are the central chemoreceptors sensitive to and what is the goal of them

A

*** only sensitive to pH
- in medulla

goal regulate ph
- O2 and CO2 can diffuse across the membrane
-H cannot get through

-CO2- finds water to make bicarbonate
- which can regulate pH

33
Q

respiratory acidosis and examples

A

ph higher than 7.4

causes by pulmonary gas exchange

  • emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, nRDS, opioid use
34
Q

chemoreceptors role on respiratory acidosis

A
  • chemoreceptors both central (only sensitive to pH) and perhieral (sensitive to PO2, PCO2, PH)
  • cannot act on this because its a lung issue not a central issue
  • in normal situations it would fix
35
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A
  • hyperventilation
    —- not enough CO2- too much breathing- exhaling too quickly
  • ph less than 7.4
36
Q

how do you regulate respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

A

A intercalated cells
- help get ride of acid
- help reverse respiratory acidosis

B intercalated cells
- help get rid of excess HCO3

37
Q

why is erythrocytes important

A

erythrocytes- red blood cells

low red blood cells- reduced hemoglobin available
– causes less oxygen transport
– low oxygen carrying capacity

38
Q

what are causes of anamia

A

low production of erythrocytes
- improper nutrition
- kidney failure
- radiation treatment

increased loss
- bleeding– prone in female

39
Q

what is erthyropoietin

A
  • peptide hormone
  • acts on bone marrow – more protein, the more red blood cells you have
  • released from kidney
  • stimulus low PO2- low oxygen- tells kidney to release this protein

physiology- respiratory (2 decks)

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