Respiratory Flashcards
what is the role of alveolar macrophage
- rumba vacuum
- job to take away any bacteria or viruses
- found in respiratory zone
what is the blood gas barrier
separates blood pulmonary capillaries surrounding alveoli with air around inside alveoli
how to calculate pulmonary ventilation
tidal volume x respiratory rate
(volume of one breath x number of breaths per minute)
intrapulmonary pressure vs intrapleural space
intrapulmonary pressure- pressure in lungs
intrapelural space- fluid filled space
partial pleura membrane vs visceral pleura membrane
partial pleura membrane
- thin layer plastic bag around lungs
visceral pleura membrane
- directly on lungs
- allows for smooth movement of lungs
what’s transpulmonary pressure
intrapulmonary p - intrapleural p = trans pulmonary pressure
- the difference in pressure keeps the lungs from collapsing
what happens pneumothorax
hole in visceral pleura
- not sealed
transpulomary pressure becomes zero
– lung collapses
bronchial epithelium
found in the conducting zone
- prevent bacteria and viruses from getting into respiratory zone
- bronchial epithelium is lined with cili– move and push the mucus out through the mouth
what’s the difference between type one and type two cells
type one cells-
responsible for gas exchange
type two cells-
have pulmonary surfactant
- thicker
where is pulmonary surfactant made
type two cells of the alveolar epithelium
- reduces surface tension and prevents lung collapse
why do lungs recoil?
what forces increase lung recoil and decrease lung compliance
- elastic tissue
- surface tension
what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS)
- occurs premature infants
- surfactant system not made yet
- makes it hard for the baby to breath, low blood oxygen, lung copllase
treatment
- inject surfactant
formula for lung compliance
- change in lung volume divided by change lung pressure
FVC- forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory volume (FEV-1)
= 80% healthy lung
= less than 80% not healthy lung
what is it called inhale as hard as you can?
exhale as hard?
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
what is the volume of air always in your lungs
residual volume
what are examples of obstructive lung diseases?
restrictive?
asthma
emphysema
restrictive?
- pulmonary fibrosis
- less complaint due to scar tissue
what is asthma
airway spasms in smooth muscle
- airway construction– reduces airflow, and narrows airways
HYPERESPONSIVE
- when exposed to stimuli- airway contracts even smaller- reduced airflow
triggers for smooth muscle to contract
– hard to get air in and out
what is emphysema
destruction of alveolar walls
- lost of elastin/ reduces elastic coil
- hard to exhale– dont have elastic tissue to force air out
– air sits in lungs
– less alveoli– worse gas exchange
how to calculate particle pressure
percent of atmosphere air x 760mmhg
rate of diffusion formula
thickness
– aveloi have huge surface area
– and very thin membranes
– good rate of diffusion
what is pulmonary fibrosis
restrictive lung diseases
- less complaint due to scar tissue
- walls thicken of aveloi– makes it hard for gas exchange to occur
- hard to fill up lungs and stretch them
-inhale problem
- can exhale normally
what are the two ways oxygen is transported into the blood
- dissolved in plasma (not a lot of oxygen is carried this way)
- bound to hemoglobin (bound to “heme” protein) (inside erythrocytes) (98%)
3.
what is the structure of hemoglobin and function
- 4 sub units
- four globin chains
transports oxygen
brings co2 back to lungs for removal
- allows hemoglobin to bind efficiently at a range of particle pressures
- make sure able to get adequate oxygen supply
- steep slope- large saturation changes
- important to be able to get more oxygen in critical times such as when you are working out
why is co2 dangerous
- binds yo the heme group better than 02
-dont notice it is there
try to treat it by oxygen mask– try override the co2 that is on the heme groups
how to maximize simple diffusion
fick law states
thickness
what is dangerous about carbon monoxide
- co bind to heme group better than o2 does
how is oxygen transported
- dissolves in plasma
- attached to hemoglobin (4 oxygen molecules can bind at a time)
what are the two chemoreceptors and what are they sensitive to
peripheral chemoreceptors- aortic arch (heart)
- sensitive to pH, PO2, PCO2
central chemoreceptors
-in medulla
- only sensitive to PH
Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
- saturated 4 o2 molecules bonded to heme
- at rest about 70% saturated, as one O2 molecule goes to tissues
- since it is at rest the demand for oxygen is not too big
- so the other three O2 remain bonded to heme group and saved for a higher demand
what happens the Bohr effect
- while exercising greater demand for oxygen and energy
- saturation curve shifts to the right
- more steep of the slope
- at rest heme is less saturated with oxygen
- give more to tissues, because of the higher demand
what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to
- sensitive to ph, PO2, and PCO2
- arctic arch and carotid body
what are the central chemoreceptors sensitive to and what is the goal of them
*** only sensitive to pH
- in medulla
goal regulate ph
- O2 and CO2 can diffuse across the membrane
-H cannot get through
-CO2- finds water to make bicarbonate
- which can regulate pH
respiratory acidosis and examples
ph higher than 7.4
causes by pulmonary gas exchange
- emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, nRDS, opioid use
chemoreceptors role on respiratory acidosis
- chemoreceptors both central (only sensitive to pH) and perhieral (sensitive to PO2, PCO2, PH)
- cannot act on this because its a lung issue not a central issue
- in normal situations it would fix
respiratory alkalosis
- hyperventilation
—- not enough CO2- too much breathing- exhaling too quickly - ph less than 7.4
how do you regulate respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
A intercalated cells
- help get ride of acid
- help reverse respiratory acidosis
B intercalated cells
- help get rid of excess HCO3
why is erythrocytes important
erythrocytes- red blood cells
low red blood cells- reduced hemoglobin available
– causes less oxygen transport
– low oxygen carrying capacity
what are causes of anamia
low production of erythrocytes
- improper nutrition
- kidney failure
- radiation treatment
increased loss
- bleeding– prone in female
what is erthyropoietin
- peptide hormone
- acts on bone marrow – more protein, the more red blood cells you have
- released from kidney
- stimulus low PO2- low oxygen- tells kidney to release this protein
