renal

Question 1

what are the calyces function

Answer 1

• funnels and collected fluid from nephron
• filters to hallow renal pelvis

Question 2

what’s the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 2

• both filter blood

juxtamedullary – help produce more concentrated urine (longer collecting duct– can reabsorb more water)

Question 3

what happens in diabetes mellitus

Answer 3

• increased urine volume
• glucose in the urine
• nephron cannot absorb all th glucose that it was normally able to

Question 4

themes of reabsorption throughput the nephron

Answer 4

filteration in bowmans capsule

proximal tubule– reabsorption of almost everything
- 65% reabsortion

descending limb
- reabsorbs water

ascending limb
- transport of ions

distal tubule
- no water reabsorption
- also absorbs calcium and same ions as ascending limb
- no paracellular transport

collecting duct
- ADH acts on
- water reabsorption

Question 5

what are the components of the renal corpuscle

Answer 5

• blood filtration occurs here

Bowmans capsule- blood filters into

glomerulus- leaky capillaries- many pores between

juxtaglomerular apparatus

podocytes- wrap around leaky capillary and prevent some filtration

Question 5

what’s the measure of proper net filtration

Answer 5

10 mmHG

Question 6

what are the auto regulatory mechanisms for GFR

Answer 6

1. myogenic response
   - muscle stretch
2. tubuloglomerular feedback
3. regulation by blood flow

Question 7

what is special about the distal tubule

Answer 7

• na, cl, k reabsorption (like ascending limb)
• no water reabsorption
• no paracellular reabsorption ( more controlled by transcellular)

**also calcium is reabsorbed– hromonelu regulated (parathyroid hormone)

** aldosterone help control

Question 8

what happens in the collecting duct

Answer 8

• aquarporin 2 channels
• water reabsorption

** aldosterone acts
** ADH acts

• ATP channe; and Na+ channels

Question 9

what are baroreceptors

Answer 9

• dectects in blood pressure
• detects a decrease in ECF, less action potential, baroreceptors cause ADH release

ex. from high sodium– low ECF, need to reabsorb more water

Question 10

what are osmoreceptors

Answer 10

• detect changes in osmolarity

when low osmolarity- cell shrivels
– trigger ADH to be released

high osmolarity- cell is large
– no ADH release

Question 11

what is ADH stimulus

Answer 11

• low ECF concentration
• high plasma osmolarity

(dehydrated)

Question 12

what is diuresis

Answer 12

• when more urine is produced than expected

ex. diabetes insipidus
- causes very large volumes of urine
- because of less ADH released (posteior pituitary) - cause receptor not activated/ doesn’t respond

Question 13

what happens when sodium levels are low

Answer 13

RAAS pathway

proximal tubal – angiotensin II
- increase na/k transporters
- more sodium get reabsorbed and made

constricting afferent and efferent arterioles
- decreasing the GFR– blood flows through tubule slower
- more chance for na+ to be reabsorbed

Question 14

what is aldosterone stimulus, and function?

Answer 14

angiotensin 2 release, high levels of potassium (that angiotensin 2 cause)

** increase sodium reabsorption in collecting duct
- increase na+/k+ channels moving to luminal membrane
- increase activity of Na+/K+
- increase gene expression of na+