Respiratory Flashcards
Risk factors for developing asthma
Allergic rhinitis
Food allergies
Obesity
PMH + FHx Atopy
Male
Low BW
Airway hypersensitivity
Pathophysiology of RSV infection
Narrowing distal airways
Sloughed necrotic endothelium
Mucus secretion and mucus plugging
Alveolar hypoxia –> apnoea
Pathophysiology asthma
Variable obstruction to small and mod sized airways
Eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation
Contraction of bronchial SM
Airway hypersensitivity and bronchospasm
Causes of interstitial lung disease
- Genetic - Abnormalities in surfactant, thyroid transcription factor, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, drug reaction (methotrexate, azothioprine)
Interstitial lung disease on CXR + spirometry
Ground glass shadowing
Restrictive pattern lung function tests
Pathology and presentation of primary ciliary dyskinesia
Defect in structure / function of cilia –> mucus retention
Recessive
- Recurrent sinusitis / otitis media
- Nasal polyps
- +/- Hydrocephalus
- Infertility
- Moist cough –> eventual bronchiectasis
- Situs invertus
- Lung function tests = obstructive / mixed
- Ix: EM / ciliary studies, reduced exhaled NO
Pathophysiology cystic fibrosis
Recessive genetic defect to CFTR gene (Ch 7) –> defective CFTR protein (ATP-regulated channel esp chloride)
–> accumulation of viscous mucus –> organ damage.
Esp delta F508 mutation. More white europeans.
Presentation of CF
LRTI infections
Malabsorption
Raised chloride on sweat test
Restrictive lung function tests
Reduced FEV1 <80% pred.
Reduced FVC <80% pred.
Normal FEV1:FVC
Obstructive lung function tests
Reduced FEV1 <80% pred
Normal FVC
Reduced FEV1:FVC <0.7
Causes of restrictive lung function tests
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary oedema
Lobectomy
Connective tissue disease
NMD
Skeletal
Obesity
Causes of obstructive lung function tests
Asthma - reversible= >9% response
Bronchiectasis
CF
COPD
Emphysema
