respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
encloses the chamber for air inspiration
A
. External nose.
2
Q
is a cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber
for inspired air.
A
. Nasal cavity.
3
Q
is commonly called the throat. It serves as a shared
passageway for food and air.
A
Pharynx
4
Q
is frequently called the voice box. Its rigid structure helps keep
the airway constantly open, or patent.
A
Larynx
5
Q
commonly known as the windpipe. It serves as an aircleaning tube to funnel inspired air to each lung.
A
Trachea
6
Q
tubes that direct air into the lungs
A
bronchi
7
Q
labyrinth of air tubes and a complex network of air sacs,
called alveoli, and capillaries. The air sacs are separated by walls of connective
tissue containing both collagenous and elastic fibers. Each air sac is the site of gas
exchange between the air and the blood.
A
lungs
8
Q
simply movement
of air into and out of the lungs
A
ventilation
9
Q
the diffusion of
gases across cell membranes
A
respiration
10
Q
the movement of gases
between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood
A
external respiration
11
Q
the movement of gases between the blood and the
body’s cells
A
internal respiration
12
Q
encompasses the structures from the
nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation
A
The conducting zone
13
Q
is solely within the lungs and includes some
specialized small air tubes and the alveoli. where gas exchange occurs
A
respiratory zone
14
Q
The conducting zone is for
A
ventilation
15
Q
Zone where gas exchange occur
A
respiratory zone
16
Q
For the respiratory system to accomplish gas exchange between the air and
the blood, there are four simultaneous processes, what are they?
A
Ventilation
external respiration
gas transport
internal respiration
17
Q
enumerate the respiratory system
functions:
A
Regulation of blood pH
gas exchange
voice production
olfaction
protection
18
Q
It consists the external nose and the nasal cavity
A
nose
19
Q
the visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face
A
external nose
20
Q
the open chamber inside the nose where air first
enters the respiratory system.
A
nasal cavity
21
Q
external openings of the respiratory system
A
nares or nostrils
22
Q
opening to pharynx
A
choanae
23
Q
anterior portion of the nasal cavity
A
vestibule
24
Q
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
A
hard palate
25
divides the nose into right and left halves
nasal septum
26
boney ridges in the nasal cavity
conchae
27
passageway beneath each conchae
meatus
28
for tear drainage from the surface of the eye
nasolacrimal duct
29
inflammation of the mucous membrane of
a sinus, especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses.
sinusitis
30
It is
where where the majority of the warming, cleaning, and humidifying of air
occurs
nasal cavity
31
enumerate the nasal cavity or nose five functions:
Serves as passageway of air
Cleans the air
Humidifies and warms the air
Contains the olfactory epithelium
Helps determine the voice sound
32
Commonly known as throat, is the common opening of both the
digestive and the respiratory systems.
Pharynx
33
three regions of the pharynx:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
34
most superior portion of the
pharynx and for air only
nasopharynx
35
It separates the nasopharynx
from the the oropharynx
soft palate
36
The extension of the
soft palate is called
uvula
37
prevents swallowed materials from entering the nasopharynx and nasal
cavity.
soft palate
38
helps defend the
body against infection
pharyngeal tonsil or adenoids
39
the middle portion of the pharynx where air, food, and drinks can pass through
oropharynx
40
pharynx where food and drink pass through
laryngopharynx
41
the largest of the cartilages an example is Adam's apple
thyroid cartilage
42
forms the base
of the larynx. It is a single piece of cartilage upon which the other cartilages rest
cricoid cartilage
43
a single piece of
cartilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage and projects superiorly. it is a freely movable flap
and is constructed of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. It helps divert
food away from the trachea opening during swallowing.
epiglottis
44
articulate with the superior border on the posterior of the cricoid
cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
45
are attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilages.
corniculate cartilages
46
are contained in a mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate
cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
47
commonly known as the voice box
larynx
48
what is the false vocal cords that are the superior pair of ligaments?
vestibular folds
49
what is the true vocal cords that are the inferior ligaments?
vocal folds
50
enumerate the four functions of the larynx
1. Maintains an open passageway for air l movements
2. Prevents swallowed materials from entering the larynx and lower respiratory tract
3. Produces sound for speech
4. Protects the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
50
occurs and the person “loses” his
or her voice.
laryngitis
51
elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
epiglottis
52
the primary source of sound production
vocal folds
53
The force of air
moving past the vocal folds determines the
loudness of sound
54
The
frequency of vibrations determines
pitch
55
is commonly known as the windpipe
trachea
56
shape of tracheal rings
c-shaped
57
The trachea is reinforced with 15–20 C-shaped pieces of
hyaline cartilage called
tracheal rings
58
traps inspired dust, bacteria, and other foreign matter.
mucuos prfuce form goblet cells
58
The trachea divides to form two smaller tubes called
main bronchi
59
At the location where the trachea divides into the
two main bronchi is a ridge of cartilage called
carina
60
consists of the
trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs
tracheobronchial tree
61
secondary bronchi, arise directly from the
main bronchi is called
lobar bronchi
62
tertiary bronchi, supply
subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are called bronchopulmonary segments is called
segmental bronchi
63
result from continued branching of the segmental
bronch
bronchioles
64
arise from several subdivisions
of bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
65
occurs
when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger
bronchodilation
66
occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the
bronchiole diameter smaller
bronchoconstriction
67
happens to patient when there is severe
bronchoconstriction.
asthma attack
68
example of medications that
help counteract the effects of an asthma attack by promoting smooth muscle
relaxation in the walls of terminal bronchioles, so that air can flow more
freely.
albuterol
69
The sites of external respiration are the
alveoli
70
are small, air-filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other
alveoli
71
arise from the respiratory
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
72
are chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the
end of an alveolar duct.
alveolar sacs
73
location of external respiration. In other words, it is where
O2 enters the blood and CO2 exits the blood
respiratory membrane
74
The alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries form the
respiratory membrane
75
the thoracic wall consists of 5 structures
(1) thoracic vertebrae, (2) ribs, (3) costal
cartilages, (4) sternum, and (5) associated muscles
76
the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the
diaphragm
throacic cavity
77
are the primary organs of respiration and largest organ of the body
lungs
78
portion of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm
base
79
The portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle is called
apex
80
an indentation on the medial surface of the lung.
hilum
81
All the structures
passing through the hilum are referred to as the
root of the lungs
82
How many lobes does the (a) right lung and (b) left lung has
(a) 3
(b) 2
83
The left
lung has a medial indentation called
cardiac notch
84
Blood that has passed through the lungs and picked up O2 is called
oxygenated blood
85
blood that has passed through the tissues and
released some of its O2 is called
deoxygenated blood
86
what are the two lymphatic supplies of the lungs
superficial lymphatic vessels and deep lymphatic vessels
86
The serous membrane that covers the inner
thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum is
called
parietal pleura
86
muscles that act to increase the volume of the
thoracic cavity.
muscles of inspiration
86
are
the muscles that decrease thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and
sternum
muscles of expiration
87
what happens to the volume and pressure of the thoracic cavity during inspiration
volume increases and pressure decreases
87
what happens to the volume and pressure of the thoracic cavity during expiration
volume decreases while pressure increases
88
the process of measuring volumes of air
that move into and out of the respiratory system
spirometry
88
device used to measure pulmonary volumes
spirometer
89
the normal volume of air inspired and expired
with each breath
tidal volume
90
the amount of air
that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
91
the volume of air still remaining in the
respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume
92
the amount of air
that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
93
the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes
pulmonary capacities
94
It is
the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration
inspiratory capacity
95
It is the maximum volume of air a person can expel
from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration
vital capacity
96
It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal
expiration
functional residual capacity
97
the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes
plus the tidal volume and the residual volume
total lung capacity
98
is the measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute
alveolar ventilation
99
two types of dead space within the respiratory system
anatomical dead space and physiological dead space
100
areas that includes all the structures of the upper
respiratory tract, and structures of the lower respiratory tract to the terminal
bronchioles
anatomical dead space
101
is the combination of the
anatomical dead space and the volume of any alveoli with lower than normal
gas exchange.
physiological dead space
102
Factors Affecting Ventilation (5)
age, gender, physical fitness, body size, disease state
103
the pressure within the pleural cavity between the
parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
pleural pressure
103
the tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are
stretched.
lung recoil
104
reduces the surface tension in the alveol
surfactant
105
increase in pleural pressure
pneumothorax
106
conditions where the pressure within the pleural cavity is
always higher than barometric air pressure
tension pneumothorax
107
A decrease in
O2 below its normal values is called
hypoxia
108
a greater-than-normal amount of CO2 in the blood is
called
hypercapnia
109
lower than normal CO2
level is called
hypocapnia
110
results in
periods when the breathing rate is reduced or does not occur at all.
hypocapnia
111
112
the highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood pH is called
anaerobic threshold
113
The heart is a single structure that is two pumps in one. True or false
true
114
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side
of the heart through vessels of
pulmonary circulation
115
The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and
back to the right side of the heart through vessels of
systemic circulation
116
enumerate the functions of the heart (4)
generating blood pressure
routing blood
ensuring one way blood flow
regulating blood supply
117
shape and size of heart
blunt conenand size of a close fist
118
The
blunt, rounded point of the heart is the
apex
119
the larger, flat part at the
opposite end of the heart is the
base
120
The heart, trachea, esophagus, and associated
structures form a midline partition called
mediastinum
121
The heart is surrounded by its own cavity called
pericardial cavity
122
an emergency procedure that maintains blood flow
in the body if a person’s heart stops
cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR
123
The
pericardium consists of two layers:
(1) the fibrous pericardium and
(2) the
serous pericardium
124
the outer layer of the
pericardium and is composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue
fibrous pericardium
125
the inner layer and consists of flat epithelial cells with a thin
layer of connective tissue
serous pericardium
126
What are the 2 parts of serous pericardium?
(1) the parietal pericardium and (2)
the visceral pericardium
127
it lines the fibrous
pericardium
parietal pericardium
128
covers the heart surface.
visceral pericardium or epicardium
129
it helps in reducing friction as the heart
moves within the pericardium
pericardial fluid
130
is an inflammation of the serous pericardium
pericarditis
131
separates the atria from the ventricles
coronary sulcus
132
where blood first enters the heart
atria
133
they carry
blood from the body to the right atrium
superior and inferior vena cava
134
they carry
blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary veins
135
it arise from the left ventricle and , splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry
blood to the lungs.
pulmonary trunk
136
it arise from the left ventricle,
carries blood to the rest of the body.
aorta
137
4 chambers of the heart
(1) the right
atrium, (2) the left atrium, (3) the right ventricle, and
(4) the left ventricle
138
The right atrium receives
blood from three major openings:
(1) the superior vena cava, (2) the inferior
vena cava, and (3) the coronary sinus
139
drain blood from most of the body
inferior and superior vena cava
140
drains blood from most of the heart muscle
coronary sinus
141
The two atria are separated from each other by a partition
called
interatrial septum
142
major pumping chambers of the heart
ventricles
143
The right ventricle pumps
blood into the _____ while the left ventricle pums blood into the _____
pulmonary trunk, aorta
144
it drains blood from the lungs
pulmonary veins
145
one-way flow of blood through the heart chambers is maintained by the
heart valves
146
it is located
between each atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular valve
147
the AV valve between the
right atrium and the right ventricle is called
tricuspid valve
148
The AV valve
between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called
bicuspid valve
149
When the ventricles relax, the higher
pressure in the atria forces the AV valves to open, and blood flows from the
atria into the ventricles. True or false
true
150
Each ventricle contains cone-shaped, muscular pillars called
papillary muscles
150
when the ventricles
contract, blood flows toward the atria and causes the AV valves to close. true or false
true
151
Papillary muscles are attached by thin, strong,
connective tissue strings called
chordae tendineae
152
When the ventricles contract, the papillary muscles contract and prevent the
valves from opening into the atria by pulling on the chordae tendineae
attached to the valve cusps. t or f
true
153
located between each ventricle and its associated
great artery
semilunar valve
154
located between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
155
located
between the left ventricle and aorta
aortic semilunar valve
156
plate of connective tissue, sometimes that consists mainly fibrous rings is called
cardiac skeleton
157
how many coronary arteries supply blood to the wall of the heart
2
158
originates on the left side of the
aorta
The left coronary artery
159
3 major branches of left coronary artery
(1) the anterior interventricular artery,
(2) the circumflex artery, and (3) the left marginal artery
160
originates on the right side of the aorta
right coronary artery
161
drain blood from the cardiac muscle
cardiac veins
162
the term drain refers to veins or arteries?
veins
163
also called the visceral pericardium, is a thin, serous
. membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart.
epicardium
163
The heart wall is composed of three layers of tissue:
(1) the epicardium, (2)
the myocardium, and (3) the endocardium
164
is the thick, middle
layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle cells
Myocardium
165
it is esponsible for contraction of the heart
chambers
myocardium
166
is the smooth inner surface of the heart, which consists of
simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue.
Endocardium
167
The surfaces of the interior walls of the ventricles are modified by ridges
and columns of cardiac muscle called
trabeculae carneae
168
Cardiac muscle cells are bound end-to-end and laterally to
adjacent cells by specialized cell-to-cell contacts called
intercalated disk
169
allow cytoplasm to flow freely between cells
gap junctions
170
In cardiac muscle, each action potential consists of a depolarization
phase followed by a period of slow repolarization called
plateau phase
171
what takes place at the end of the plateau phase
a rapid repolarization phase
172
Contraction of the atria and
ventricles is coordinated by specialized cardiac muscle cells in the heart wall
that form the
conduction system of the heart
173
The conduction system of the heart includes (5)
(1) the sinoatrial
node, (2) atrioventricular node, (3) atrioventricular bundle, (4) the bundle
branches, and (5) Purkinje fibers
174
heart’s pacemaker
sinoatrial node
175
located in the lower portion of the right atrium
atrioventricular node (AV)
176
a group of specialized
cardiac muscle cells in the interventricular septum
AV bundle
177
what is the 2 branches of av bundle
right and left bundle branches
178
At the tips of the left and right bundle branches, the conducting tissue
forms many small bundles
Purkinje fibers
179
When action potentials originate in an area of
the heart other than the SA node, the result is called what beat?
ectopic beat
180
condition where it reduces the output of the heart to only a few milliliters of
blood per minute when it occurs in the ventricles.
fibrillation
181
techniques which they apply a strong electrical shock to the chest region
defibrillation
182
The record of heart's electrical events
ecg or electrocardiogram
183
The normal ECG consists of waves called
(1) P wave, (2) a QRS complex, and (3) a T
wave.
184
wave results from depolarization of the atrial myocardium
P wave
185
wave results from depolarization of the ventricles
Q, R, S complex
186
wave that epresents
repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
187
The time between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the
QRS complex is the
PQ or PR interval
188
The term that refers to the
repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle
contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction
cardiac cycle
189
refers to contraction of the two
atria
atrial systole
190
refers to contraction of the two ventricles
ventricular systole
191
refers to relaxation of the two atria
atrial diastole
192
refers to relaxation of the two ventricles
ventricular diastole
193
when systole and diastole are used alone, they refer to
ventricular contraction and relaxation
194
was originally
developed to listen to the sounds of the lungs and heart and is now used to
listen to other sounds of the body as well
stethoscope
195
heart sound
lubbdupp
196
In some individuals, a heart valve does not close completely and thus is
called an
incompetent valve
197
abnormal heart sounds
murmurs
198
the opening of a valve is narrowed
stenosed
199
the volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart
each minute.
cardiac output
200
the volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts
Stroke volume (SV)
201
the number of times the heart contracts each minute
heart rate
202
results from the heart’s normal functional characteristics and does not depend on either neural or hormonal regulation.
Intrinsic regulation
203
the degree to which the ventricular
walls are stretched at the end of diastole
Preload
204
the amount
of blood that returns to the heart.
venous return
205
refers to the pressure against which the ventricles must pump
blood.
afterload
206
is a
mechanism of the nervous system that plays an important role in regulating
heart function
baroreceptor reflex
207
are stretch receptors that monitor blood
pressure in the aorta and in the wall of the internal carotid arteries, which
carry blood to the brain
baroreceptor
208
receives and integrates action potentials from the baroreceptors
cardioregulatory center
209
