Blood vessels and blood Flashcards
1
Q
Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into two classes:
A
the pulmonary vessels and systemic vessels
2
Q
transport blood from the right ventricle of the
heart through the lungs and back to the left atrium
A
pulmonary vessels
3
Q
transport blood from the left ventricle of the heart through all
parts of the body and back to the right atrium
A
systemic vessels
4
Q
circulatory system has five functions:
A
carries blood
Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues.
Transports substances.
Helps regulate blood pressure
Directs blood flow to the tissues
5
Q
carry blood away from the heart; usually, the
blood is oxygenated
A
arteries
6
Q
The arteries are normally classified in one of three categories:
A
(1) elastic
arteries, (2) muscular arteries, or (3) arterioles.
7
Q
where exchange of substances such as O2, nutrients, CO2, and
other waste products occurs between the blood and the tissue fluid.
A
capillaries
8
Q
carry blood
toward the heart; usually, the blood is deoxygenated (oxygen poor).
A
veins
9
Q
Veins increase in
diameter and decrease in number as they progress toward the heart, and
their walls increase in thickness. True or false
A
true
10
Q
Veins may be classified, from smallest to
largest as
A
(1) venules, (2) small veins, (3) medium-sized veins, or (4) large
veins
11
Q
Except in capillaries and venules, blood vessel walls consist of three layers
or
A
tunics
12
Q
From the inner to the outer wall, the tunics are
A
(1) the
tunica intima, (2) the tunica media, and (3) the tunica adventitia, or tunica
externa
13
Q
innermost layer, consists of
an endothelium, composed of simple squamous
epithelial cells
A
tunica intima
14
Q
middle layer, consists of
smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel
A
tunica media
15
Q
is composed of dense connective tissue
adjacent to the tunica media
A
tunica adventitia
16
Q
are the largest-diameter arteries and have the thickest walls
A
elastic arteries
17
Q
include medium-sized and small arteries
A
muscular arteries
18
Q
Medium-sized arteries are frequently called ____ because the smooth muscle tissue enables these
vessels to control blood flow to different body regions.
A
distributing arteries
19
Q
Contraction of the
smooth muscle in blood vessels
A
vasoconstriction
20
Q
Relaxation of
the smooth muscle in blood vessels
A
vasodilation
21
Q
transport blood from small arteries to capillaries and known as the smallest arteries
A
arterioles
22
Q
Blood flow through capillary networks is regulated by smooth muscle cells called
A
precapillary sphincter
23
Q
have a diameter slightly larger than that of capillaries and are composed of endothelium resting on a delicate connective tissue
layer
A
venules
24
Q
Medium-sized veins collect blood from small veins and deliver it to
A
large veins
25
ensure that blood flows toward the heart but not in the opposite direction
valve
26
Blood from the right ventricle is pumped into a short vessel
pulmonary trunk
27
branches of pulmonary trunk
left and right pulmonary arteries
28
These arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the
pulmonary capillaries in the lungs
left and right pulmonary arteries
29
exit the lungs and carry the
oxygenated blood to the left atrium
four pulmonary veins
30
All arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or indirectly from the
a
aorta
31
3 parts of aorta
(1) the
ascending aorta, (2) the aortic arch, and (3) the descending aorta
32
descending aorta is further divided into
thoracic aorta and the abdominal
aorta
33
the part of the aorta that passes superiorly from
the left ventricle.
ascending aorta
34
arise from the base of
the ascending aorta and supply blood to the heart
The right and left coronary arteries
35
The aorta arches posteriorly and to the left as the
aortic arch
36
Three
major arteries, which carry blood to the head and upper limbs, originate from
aortic arch
37
what are the 3 major arteries that originate from aortic arch?
(1) the brachiocephalic artery, (2) the left common carotid
artery, and (3) the left subclavian artery
38
the longest part of the aorta
descending aorta
39
The part of the
descending aorta that extends through the thorax to the diaphragm is called
thoracic aorta
40
The part of the descending aorta that
extends from the diaphragm to the point at which it divides into the two
common iliac arteries is
abdominal aorta
41
is a localized dilation of
an artery that usually develops in response to trauma or a congenital weakness of the artery wall
arterial aneurysm
42
The first vessel to
branch from the aortic arch is the
brachiocephalic artery
43
transports blood to the right side of the head and
neck
right common carotid artery
44
transports blood to the right upper limb
right subclavian artery
45
There is no brachiocephalic artery on the left side of the body. Instead,
both the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries branch directly
off the aortic arch. true or false
true
46
transports
blood to the left side of the head and neck
left common carotid artery
47
transports blood to the left upper limb.
left subclavian artery
48
common carotid arteries extend and branch into
internal and external
carotid arteries
49
The base of each internal carotid artery is slightly dilated
to form a ___ which contains structures important in monitoring blood pressure
carotid sinus
50
have several branches that supply the structures of the neck, face, nose, and mouth
external carotid arteries
51
arteries that pass through the carotid canals and contribute to the
cerebral arterial circle
internal carotid arteries
52
The vessels that supply blood to most of the brain branch from the
cerebral arterial circle
53
branch from the subclavian arteries and pass to the head
through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
vertebral arteries
54
Within the cranial cavity, the vertebral arteries unite to form
single basilar artery
55
artery in the axilla
axillary artery
56
When the axillary artery extends into the
arm, it is then referred to as the
brachial artery
57
Blood pressure measurements are normally taken from the
brachial artery
58
The brachial artery thqt branches at the elbow which supply blood to the
forearm and hand
ulnar and radial arteries
59
is the one most commonly used for
taking a pulse.
radial artery
60
The branches of the thoracic aorta can be divided into two groups
(1) the
visceral
arteries and (2) the parietal
arteries
61
arteries that supply blood to thoracic organs, including the
esophagus, the trachea, the parietal pericardium, and part of the lung
visceral arteries
62
supply blood to the thoracic wall, and include the posterior
intercostal arteries
parietal arteries
63
supply the
diaphragm
superior phrenic artery
64
are branches of the subclavian arteries
internal throracic artery
65
extend between the ribs to supply the anterior chest wall
anterior thoracic artery
66
There are three major unpaired visceral artery
branches:
1) the celiac trunk, (2) the superior
mesenteric artery, and (3) the inferior mesenteric
artery.
67
supplies blood to the stomach, pancreas, spleen,
upper duodenum, and liver
the celiac trunk
68
supplies blood to
the small intestine and the upper portion of the large intestine
superior mesenteric artery
69
supplies blood to the remainder of the large
intestine
inferior mesenteric artery
70
There are three paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta:
(1) the
renal arteries, (2) the suprarenal arteries, and (3) the gonadal arteries.
71
supply the kidneys
renal arteries
72
supply the adrenal
glands.
supraprenal arteries
73
supply the testes in males
testicular arteries
74
supply the ovaries in females.
ovarian arteries
75
supply the diaphragm
inferior phrenic arteries
76
supply the lumbar vertebrae and back muscles
lumbar arteries
77
supplies the inferior vertebrae
median sacral artery
78
The abdominal aorta divides at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra into two
common iliac arteries
79
common iliac which enters a lower
limb
external iliac artery
80
common iliac which supplies the pelvic area
internal iliac artery
81
artery in the thigh
femoral artery
82
arteries which give rise to arteries that supply blood
to the leg and foot
anterior tibial artery and the
posterior tibial artery
83
artery in the ankle
dorsalis pedis artery
84
supplies the lateral leg and foot
fibular artery
85
it is located in the superior and medial area of the thigh
femoral triangle
86
returns blood
from the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs to the right atrium of the heart
superior vena cava
87
returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and
lower limbs to the right atrium
inferior vena cava
88
The two pairs of major veins that collect blood from the head and neck are
(1) the external jugular veins and (2) the internal jugular veins
89
They carry blood from the posterior head and neck, emptying
primarily into the subclavian veins.
external jugular veins
90
They carry blood from the brain and the anterior head, face, and
neck.
internal jugular vein
91
The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins on each side of
the body to form the
brachiocephalic veins
92
The major deep veins which accompany the brachial artery and empty into the axillary vein
brachial veins
93
becomes the axillary vein, are the major superficial veins.
basilic vein
94
the cephalic veins empties in the
axillary vein
95
the vein that usually connects the cephalic
vein or its tributaries with the basilic vein
median cubital vein
96
often used as a site for drawing blood
cubital fossa
97
Three major veins return blood from the thorax to the superior vena cava:
(1)
the right brachiocephalic vein, (2) the left brachiocephalic vein and
(3) the azygos vein
98
Blood from the posterior thoracic wall is collected by
posterior intercostal veins
99
Blood from the posterior abdominal wall returns toward the heart through
ascending lumbar veins
100
The internal iliac veins
return blood from the pelvis and join the external iliac veins from the lower
limbs to form the
common iliac veins
101
The common iliac veins combine to
form the
inferior vena cava
102
is a system of blood vessels that begins and ends with capillary beds
and has no pumping mechanism, such as the heart, in between.
portal system
103
the system that begins with capillaries in the
viscera and ends with capillaries in the liver.
hepatic portal system
104
The major vessels of the hepatic portal system are
splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
105
Blood from the posterior thoracic wall is collected by
posterior intercostal veins that empty into the azygos vein on the right
and _____ on the left
hemiazygos vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein
106
carries blood from the spleen and pancreas
splenic vein
107
The
splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein join to form the ___ which enters the liver
hepatic portal vein
108
within the liver, toxic substances are converted
to
nontoxic substances
109
carry blood from
the kidneys
renal veins
110
drain the adrenal glands
supraprenal veins
111
drain blood from the reproductive organs
gonadal veins
112
drain the testes in males
testicular veins
113
drain the
ovaries in females.
ovarian veins
114
The
superficial veins consist of
great saphenous veins
small saphenous veins
115
the saphenous vein that originates over the dorsal andmedial side of the foot and ascends along the medial side of the leg and thigh
to empty into the femoral vein.
great saphenous vein
116
the saphenous vein that begins over the
lateral side of the foot and joins the popliteal vein, which becomes the
femoral vein.
small saphenous veins
117
The function of the circulatory system
is to maintain adequate blood flow to
all body tissues
118
is a measure of the force blood exerts against the blood
vessel walls
blood pressure
119
When the ventricles
contract, blood is forced into the arteries, and the pressure reaches a
maximum value called the
systolic pressure
120
When the ventricles relax,
blood pressure in the arteries falls to a minimum value called
diastolic pressure
121
Health professionals most often use this method to determine blood pressure
auscultatory
122
A standard blood pressure for a resting young adult male is
120/80
123
Resistance to blood flow is related to the diameter of the blood vessel. The
smaller the diameter of the blood vessel,
the greater the resistance of blood to flow
124
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the
pulse pressure
125
Two factors affect pulse pressure:
(1) stroke volume and
(2) vascular compliance.
126
When the stroke volume increases, the systolic
pressure decreases more than the diastolic pressure. This leads to a higher
pulse pressure. t or f
false, increases
127
hardening of
the arteries, or the arteries are less elastic than normal.
arteriosclerosis
128
A pulse can be felt
at locations where
large arteries are close to the surface of the body
129
The major forces responsible for moving fluid through the capillary wall are
(1) blood pressure and (2) osmosis
130
results from a disruption in the normal inwardly and
outwardly directed pressures across the capillary walls.
edema
131
An area of the lower pons and upper medulla oblongata that continually transmits a low frequency
of action potentials to the sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood
vessels of the body
vasomotor center
132
it function to keep the blood pressure within its normal
range
baroreceptor reflexes
133
respond to stretch in arteries caused by increased blood
pressure
baroreceptor
134
respond to changes in blood concentrations of O2
and CO2, as well as pH
chemoreceptor reflexes
135
are small structures that lie near the carotid sinuses, and
aortic bodies lie near the aortic arch
carotid bodies
136
because they are sensitive to chemical changes in
the blood, they are called
chemoreceptor
137
it is important when there is a
drop in blood pressure
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
138
three different substances are involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
:
(1) renin, (2) angiotensin II, and (3) aldosterone
139
The kidneys detect a decrease in blood pressure and respond by secreting
an enzyme called
renin
140
A peptide hormone called ______hormone is released primarily from specialized cells of the right atrium in
response to elevated blood pressure
atrial natriuretic hormone
141
a type of arteriosclerosis results from the deposition of material in the
walls of arteries that forms plaques
