Respiratory Flashcards
Define chronic bronchitis
Defined as a productive cough for 3 months of the year for 2 consecutive years in a patient whom other causes for chronic cough have been excluded.
Define emphysema
The permanent or abnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to the distal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of their walls, without obvious fibrosis.
Define pneumonia
Inflammation of the substance of the lungs
Causes of transudative pulmonary effusion
Cardiac failure
Hypoproteinaemia (Nephrotic syndrome)
Constrictive pericarditis
Hypothyroidism
Causes of exudative pulmonary effusion
Bacterial pneumonia
Carcinoma of the bronchus
Pulmonary infarct
TB
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Post-MI syndrome
Most common bacterial organisms causing pneumonia
Staph aureus
Strep pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
Define COPD
A chronic irreversible progressive airflow obstruction characterised by a gradual decrease in lung functions with episodes of acute exacerbations.
Complications of COPD
> polycytaemia secondary to hypoxaemia
chronic hypoxaemia
cor pulmonale
pulmonary hypertension due to vasoconstriction
pneumothorax due to rupture of emphysematous bullae
anaemia
depression
lung ca
respiratory failure
Define hospital acquired pneumonia
Pneumonia acquired in the hospital setting >48 hours in hospital
Most common organisms of hospital acquired pneumonia
Aerobic gram negatives
>enteric aerobic gram neg bacilli
>staph aureus
>pseudomonas aeruginosa
>oral anaerobes
Causative organisms in HIV pneumonia
Bacterial (strep pneumonia, h influenza, staph aureus)
TB
Pneumocyctis jiroveci
Other fungi and opportunistic infections
Define acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute clinical illness characterised by non-cargiogenic pulmonary oedema and refractory hypoxia
