Endocrine

Question 1

Define diabetes

Answer 1

A chronic endocrine disorder of impaired glucose metabolism

Question 2

Complications of diabetes

Answer 2

Acute
>DKA
>HHS
>hypoglycaemia

Chronic
1) micro vascular
>retinopathy
>peripheral neuropathy
>nephropathy
2) macrovascular
>stroke
>cardiomyopathy
>MI
>peripheral vascular disease
>gangrene and amputation
>foot ulcers
>poor wound healing

Question 3

Define goitre

Answer 3

A visible/palpable enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 4

How do you diagnose CKD in a diabetic?

Answer 4

Albumin/creatinine ratio >2mg/mmol
OR
GFR<60ml/min

Question 5

What are the ABCDE’s of diabetic care?

Answer 5

A1C targets <7
Blood pressure control
Cholesterol control (LDL<2)
Drugs for CVD risk reduction
Exercise and healthy eating
Smoking cessation and screening for complications

Question 6

Clinical findings if DKA

Answer 6

Kussmaul breathing/Acidotic breathing
Decreased LOC (delirium/psychosis)
Coma
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 7

DKA precipitants

Answer 7

8 I’s

Ischaemia
Infection
Iatrogenic
Intoxication
Insulin missed
Initial presentation
Intraabdominal process (pancreatitis, cholecystitis)
Intra/perioperative