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Pharmacology - Clinical Sciences > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Drug x blocks histamine H1-receptors in nasal mucosa and other tissues; prevents allergic reactions; does not block muscarinic receptors or cause significant sedation.

Diphenhydramine
Loratadine
Hydroxyzine
Cyproheptadine

A

Loratadine

All others are sedating antihistamines

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2
Q

Drug x blocks histamine H1-receptors on effector cells of the GI tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract; a sedating antihistamines with antimuscarinic and significant sedative properties. It also possesses skeletal muscle relaxing, bronchodilator, antiemetic and analgesic properties.

Diphenhydramine
Loratadine
Hydroxyzine
Dextromethorphan

A

Hydroxyzine

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3
Q

Drug blocks H1 receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors; prevents histamine-induced allergic reactions; prevents vestibular stimulation of vomiting center; causes sedation

Diphenhydramine
Hydroxyzine
Dextromethorphan
Loratadine

A

Diphenhydramine

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4
Q

Drug inhibits cytokine production by T-helper cells; prevents mediator release from mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. Stabilizes lysosomal membranes; causes vasoconstriction and decreases capillary permeability.

Salbutamol
Dextromethorphan
Fluticasone
Loratadine

A

Fluticasone

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5
Q

Direct-acting sympathomimetic with beta-adrenergic activity and selective action on Beta2 receptors, producing bronchodilation effects by relaxing the smooth muscles in the bronchioles. It also decreases uterine contractility.

Fluticasone
Tiotropium bromide
Salbutamol
Dextromorphan

A

Salbutamol

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6
Q

Drug (an active principle of the adrenal medulla), is a direct-acting sympathomimetic. It stimulates alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptors resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle of the bronchial tree, cardiac stimulation and dilation of skeletal muscle vasculature. It is frequently added to local anesthetics to retard diffusion and limit absorption, to prolong the duration of effect and to lessen the danger of toxicity.

Salbutamol
Epinephrine/adrenalin
Guaifenesin
Tiotropium bromide

A

Epinephrine/adrenalin

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7
Q

Drug x is a sympathomimetic with mainly direct effects on alpha-adrenergic receptors and weak beta-adrenergic activity. It causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles of the nasal mucosa and conjunctiva; activates the dilator muscle of the pupil to cause contraction; produces vasoconstriction of arterioles in the body and produces systemic arterial vasoconstriction.

Phenylephrine
Tiotropium bromide
Dextromorphan
Montelukast

A

Phenylephrine

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8
Q

Drug x is a selective leukotriene receptor antagonist that blocks effects of cysteinyl leukotrienes in the airways.

Dextromorphan
Montelukast
Guaifenesin
Tiotropium bromide

A

Montelukast

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9
Q

Drug x is a long-acting quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic. It is a nonselective competitive antagonist of muscarinic (M1-M5) receptors and causes bronchodilation by inhibiting the actions of acetylcholine and other cholinergic stimuli at the receptors in the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract.

Guaifenesin
Tiotropium bromide
Montelukast
Phenylephrine

A

Tiotropium bromide

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10
Q

Drug x is a derivative of levorphanol. It is an antitussive agent, and has central action on the cough center in the medulla.

Fluticasone
Salbutamol
Dextromethorphan
Diphenhydramine

A

Dextromethorphan

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11
Q

Drug x increases the volume and reduces the viscosity of tenacious sputum and is used as an expectorant for productive cough.

Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Phenylephrine
Salbutamol

A

Guaifenesin

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12
Q

Clinical use: seasonal allergies; chronic idiopathic urticaria

Diphenhydramine
Loratadine
Dexamethorphan
Fluticasone

A

Loratadine

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13
Q

Clinical use:
Allergy - symptomatic relief of allergic rxns, eg allergic rhinitis, acute urticarial, but NOT effective against asthma
Motion sickness - used prophylactically
Cough
Insomnia

Fluticasone
Diphenhydramine
Hydroxyzine
Salbutamol

A

Diphenhydramine

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14
Q

Clinical use: short term management of anxiety; pruritus; chronic urticaria; preoperative sedation, allergies

Loratadine
Diphenhydramine
Hydroxyzine
Fluticasone

A

Hydroxyzine

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15
Q

Clinical use: prevention of allergies rhinitis, chronic nasal inflammation and asthma.
Inhaled- prophylactic of asthma; not indicated for relief of acute bronchospasm; eosinophilic esophagitis
Topically - corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses

Salbutamol
Fluticasone
Diphenhydramine
Dextromethorphan

A

Fluticasone

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16
Q

Clinical use: acute bronchospasm (allergen asthma or exercise-induced), as well as COPD.

Epinephrine
Hydroxyzine
Salbutamol
Fluticasone

A

Salbutamol

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17
Q

Clinical use:
Inhalation: acute asthma
IV or intramuscular: anaphylactic shock
Eye drops: ocular hypertension, open-angle glaucoma

Epinephrine
Detromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Fluticasone

A

Epinephrine

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18
Q

Clinical use: typically for nasal congestion as a nasal spray, mydriasis if used as an eye dropper

Epinephrine
Phenylephrine
Salbutamol
Fluticasone

A

Phenylephrine

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19
Q

Clinical use: long-term control and maintenance treatment for prevention of bronchospasm and airway inflammation associated with asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Montelukast
Tiotropium bromide
Salbutamol
Phenylephrine

A

Tiotropium bromide

Administered by HandiHaler DPI in two inhalations (to ensure drug delivery of the entire contents of the capsule) once daily. Therapeutic effects begin about 30 minutes, peaks in 3 hours and persists for about 24 hours.

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20
Q

Clinical use: prophylaxis and maintenance treatment of persistent asthma; prophylaxis of exercise-induced asthma; allergic rhinitis

Dextromethorphan
Tiotropium bromide
Montelukast
Guaifenesin

A

Montelukast

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21
Q

Clinical use: cough suppressant
(An antitussive)

Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Phenylephrine
Fluticasone

A

Dextromethorphan

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22
Q

Clinical use: cough
(an expectorant)

Montelukast
Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Fluticasone

A

Guaifenesin

23
Q

Adverse effects: headache (most common AE); fatigue, giddiness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, somnolence

Loratadine
Diphenhydramine
Fluticasone
Montelukast

A

Loratadine

24
Q

Adverse effects: drowsiness; blurred vision; dry mouth; urinary retention; anorexia

Hydroxyzine
Loratadine
Diphenhydramine
Salbutamol

A

Diphenhydramine

25
Q

Adverse effects: CNS depression, paradoxical CNS stimulation, dry mouth, thickened respiratory secretions, constipation, blurring of vision, tachycardia, GI disturbances, headache, hypotension and tinnitus

Dextromethorphan
Hydroxyzine
Diphenhydramine
Fluticasone

A

Hydroxyzine

26
Q

Adverse effects: nasal and throat irritation are the most common AEs. Oropharyngeal candidiasis.
Topically: pruritus, hypertrichosis (excess hair growth), dryness, numbness of fingers, burning, eruptions, hypopigmentation, allergic contact dermatitis, secondary infection, skin atrophy and Cushing’s syndrome

Salbutamol
Hydroxyzine
Fluticasone
Epinephrine

A

Fluticasone

27
Q

Adverse effects: most common is fine skeletal muscle tremor esp. the hands, nervousness, nausea, headache, restlessness. Toxic effects would be palpitations, tachycardia and chest pain

Salbutamol
Epinephrine
Fluticasone
Montekulast

A

Salbutamol

28
Q

Adverse effects:
CNS effects; GI disturbances; epigastric pain; CV disorders; difficulty in micturition with urinary retention; dyspnea; hyperglycemia; sweating; hypersalivation; weakness, tremors; coldness of extremities; hypokalemia.
Gangrene, tissue necrosis and sloughing (extravasation) when used in addition to local anesthetics.
Eye drops: severe smarting, blurred vision, photophobia; naso-lachrymal ducts obstruction. Edema, hyperemia and inflammation of the eyes with repeated administration.

Phenylephrine
Tiotropium bromide
Epinephrine
Montelukast

A

Epinephrine

29
Q

Adverse effects: anxiety, reflex bradycardia, tachycardia, arrhythmias, headache, cold extremities/gangrene, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, fear, restlessness, insomnia, confusion, irritability, psychotic states, dyspnea, anorexia, palpitations, extravasations causing tissue necrosis and sloughing, mydriasis, difficulty in micturition and urinary retention, increased salivation, hyperglycemia, lactic acidosis. Ophthalmic solutions may liberate pigment granules from the iris, corneal clouding/damage.

Montelukast
Phenylephrine
Hydroxyzine
Guaifenesin

A

Phenylephrine

30
Q

Adverse effects: throat irritation and dry mouth are the most common frequent AEs.
Other include: constipation, cough, tachycardia, urinary retention, UTI, hypersensitivity reactions, pupil dilation, blurred vision, myalgia, dyspepsia, rash. Pharyngitis, rhinitis and epistaxis reported with the use of inhalation powder.

Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Phenylephrine
Tiotropium bromide

A

Tiotropium bromide

31
Q

Adverse effects: headache is most common. Others: hepatic eosinophilic infiltration(rare), dizziness, rash, dyspepsia, cough, flu-like symptoms, anaphylaxis, angioedema, cough, insomnia.

Guaifenesin
Montelukast
Dextromorphin
Fluticasone

A

Montelukast

32
Q

Adverse effects: dizziness, GI disturbances, hallucinations, fever, hypertension and shallow breathing. Drug x can cause psychological dependence and withdrawal w/ recreational use (drugs acts like an SRI when taken over long period of time causing sxs similar to antidepressant discontinuation syndrome). Less addictive than codeine.

Guaifenesin
Montelukast
Fluticasone
Dextromethorphan

A

Dextromethorphan

33
Q

Adverse effects: GI discomfort, nausea, and vomiting

Guaifenesin
Dextromethorphan
Fluticasone
Salbutamol

A

Guaifenesin

34
Q

Interactions: additive effects with CNS depressants

Salbutamol
Loratadine
Hydroxyzine
Dextromethorphan

A

Loratadine

35
Q

Interactions: additive effects with CNS depressants, including alcohol; additive anticholinergic effects with TCAs. Antagonizes therapeutic effects of cholinergic agents, e.g. Donezepil and neuroleptics. Valerian, St. John’s wort, kava kava and gotu kola may increase CNS depression.

Hydroxyzine
Fluticasone
Diphenhydramine
Montelukast

A

Diphenhydramine

36
Q

Interactions: additive CNS depression when taken with antidepressants, antihistamines, opioids, sedative-hypnotics, other CNS depressants.

Hydroxyzine
Fluticasone
Montelukast
Dexamethorphan

A

Hydroxyzine

37
Q

No interactions as usual doses

Montelukast
Diphenhydramine
Fluticasone
Epinephrine

A

Fluticasone

38
Q

Interactions: use with MAO inhibitors can cause hypertensive crisis; additive effects of other adrenergic agents and CNS stimulants (caffeine, pseudoepinephrine). Increases absorption of sulfamethoxazole when used together. Reduces serum levels of digoxin.

Salbutamol
Epinephrine
Fluticasone
Montelukast

A

Salbutamol

39
Q

Interactions: halogenated inhalation anesthetics; beta or alpha blocking agents; methyldopa, guanethidine; drugs with vasoconstrictor and pressor effects; antihypertensives; adrenergic neuron blockers; potassium-depleting drugs; cardiac glycosides; ephedra, yohimbe. TCAs may induce hypertension and arrhythmia.

Epinephrine
Montelukast
Fluticasone
Diphenhydramine

A

Epinephrine

40
Q

Interactions: may increase hypertensive effect of beta-blockers (nonselective); MAOI potentiate hypertension

Tiotropium bromide
Phenylephrine
Dextromethorphan
Fluticasone

A

Phenylephrine

41
Q

No significant interactions.

Tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium bromide & Montelukast
Tiotropium bromide & Guaifenesin
Dextromethorphan

A

Tiotropium bromide

42
Q

Interactions: metabolism may be increased with phenobarbital, phenytoin. Peripheral edema may occur with Prednisone.

Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Montelukast
Phenylephrine

A

Montekulast

43
Q

Interactions: Fluoxetine (SSRI) associated with possible serotoninergic syndrome. Trazodone (non SSRI) increases risk of serotonin syndrome, phenelzine (MAOI) may cause hypertensive crisis with this drug.

Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Montekulast
Tiotropium bromide

A

Dextromethorphan

44
Q

No interactions.

Tiotropium bromide
Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Tiotropium bromide & Guaifenesin

A

Tiotropium bromide & Guaifenesin

45
Q

Contraindications: hypersensitivity, liver disease, acute asthma attack, pneumonia, lower respiratory disease

Hydroxyzine
Salbutamol
Diphenhydramine
Loratadine

A

Loratadine

46
Q

Contraindications: hypersensitivity; neonates, lactation. BPH, acute glaucoma. To make child <6 yrs sleep, when used for self-medication.

Hydroxyzine
Loratadine
Dextromethorphan
Diphenhydramine

A

Diphenhydramine

47
Q

Contraindications: porphyria, neonates, pregnancy (X in first trimester, C in 2nd and 3rd trimester), lactation.

Hydroxyzine
Fluticasone
Salbutamol
Montelukast

A

Hydroxyzine

48
Q

Contraindications: hypersensitivity to drug, components of milk proteins, which may result in anaphylaxis, angioedema, rash and urticarial. Status asthmaticus, acute bronchospasms.

Salbutamol
Epinephrine
Fluticasone
Diphenhydramine

A

Fluticasone

49
Q

Contraindications: Eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia; intra-uterine infection, intra-uterine fetal death, antepartum hemorrhage, placenta previa and cord compression, threatened miscarriage, cardiac disease, tachycardia.

Salbutamol
Hydroxyzine
Montelukast
Loratadine

A

Salbutamol

50
Q

Contraindications: preexisting hypertension; occlusive vascular disease; closed-angle glaucoma (eye drops); hypersensitivity; cardiac arrhythmias or tachycardia. When used in addition to local anesthetics: procedures involving digital, ears, nose, penis or scrotum.

Epinephrine
Hydroxyzine
Fluticasone
Tiotropium bromide

A

Epinephrine

51
Q

Contraindications: hypertension, ventricular tachycardia, closed-angle glaucoma

Montelukast
Guaifenesin
Phenylephrine
Dextromethorphan

A

Phenylephrine

52
Q

Contraindications: hypersensitivity

Dextromethorphan
Loratadine
Salbutamol
Montelukast

A

Montelukast

53
Q

Contraindications: patients at risk of developing respiratory failure. During an acute attack. Patients receiving MAOI or before 2 weeks after discontinuing them. Persistent or chronic cough.

Guaifenesin
Dextromethorphan
Loratadine
Fluticasone

A

Dextromethorphan

54
Q

Contraindications: Do not use as self-medication in chronic or persistent coughs; hypersensitivity

Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Tiotropium bromide
Phenylephrine

A

Guaifenesin

Pharmacology - Clinical Sciences (3 decks)

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