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PCP EOY - CVRS > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

causes of coughing/dyspnoea

A

cardiac disease -
cardiomegaly causing bronchus compression
congestive heart failure causing pulmonary oedema

respiratory disease -
upper or lower airway

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2
Q

eupnoea

A

normal respiration

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3
Q

tachypnoea

A

increased rate

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4
Q

apnoea

A

no respiration

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5
Q

hypo/hyperventilation

A

alterations to ventilation at alveolar level

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6
Q

differentials for tachypnoea

A

primary respiratory disease
abdominal discomfort
metabolic disease - increase partial pressure CO2
primary cardiac disease
hyperthermia - attempt at cooling
neurological disease - damage to respiratory control centre
pain
stress

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7
Q

upper respiratory tract signs

A

marked inspiratory effort - collapse of soft tissue with negative pressure on inspiration
inspiratory stridor or stertor
unilateral nasal discharge
harsh, dry, hacking cough, often prodcutive

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8
Q

lower respiratory tract signs

A

marked expiratory effort - thickening, inflammation and mucous, smaller airways held open during inspiration and early collapse during expiration
bilateral nasal discharge
soft chesty cough - pneumonia, lower airway inflammation, cardiogenic origins

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9
Q

restrictive respiratory pattern

A

thorax expansion restricted
decreased tidal volume and short shallow breaths –> hypoventilation

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10
Q

paradoxical breathing pattern

A

paradoxical movement of chest wall - trauma or muscle fatigue from terminal respiratory failure

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11
Q

types of nasal discharge

A

serous - allergic rhinitis, acute inflammation, viral infection

mucoid - chronic disease

mucopurulent - secondary infection with chronic disease

purulent - bacterial infection

haemorrhagic - trauma, clotting disorder, vascular disease

mixed - all of the above

unilateral - upper respiratory

bilateral - lower respiratory

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12
Q

auscultation

A

wheezing - air passing through narrowed airways

crackles/rales - air passing through fluids

dull/absent sounds - no air movement through lungs

pleural rubs - friction between pleural surfaces

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13
Q

percussion

A

thoracic - checking lung parenchyma

sinus - horses - altered resonance in paranasal sinuses points towards fluid/pus/cysts/masses

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14
Q

endoscopy

A

direct visualisation of -
nasal meati
nasopharynx
ethmoid turbinates
nasomaxillary opening
guttural pouches
trachea

eg for laryngeal hemiplagia

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15
Q

rhinoscopy

A

nasal foreign bodies or nasal masses

limited access in small animals
uses rigid scope

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16
Q

radiography

A

paranasal sinuses
fluid accumulation
soft tissue masses
distortion/destruction of normal bony architecture

17
Q

radiographic patterns

A

interstitial - diffuse, nodular, space between alveoli and capillaries

bronchial - thickened bronchi, donut and tramlines

alveolar - consolidation or collapse of alveoli, air replaced by fluid or cells

vascular - changes to size, course or opacity of pulmonary vessels, often associated with cardiac disease

18
Q

nasal/nasopharyngeal swab

A

identification of specific pathogens (not screening)

viruses - influenza, herpes, IBR

bacteria - streptococcus equi

19
Q

ultrasonography

A

assess pleural space
pleural effusion
diseased lung tissue

20
Q

respiratory secretion sampling

A

tracheal wash - sampling tracheal mucous, cytology and culture

BAL - blind, cytology only

21
Q

causes of respiratory disease - cows

A

viral - BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV

bacterial - manheima haemolytica, histophilus somnus, mycoplasma

parasites - lungworm

fog fever - tryptophan toxicity

farmers lung - mould allergy

aspiration pneumonia

22
Q

causes of respiratory disease - calves

A

enzootic pneumonia
IBR
PI3
RSV
BVD
Mycoplasmas
pasteurella
foreign body pneumonia

23
Q

respiratory disease risk factors - cattle

A

stress
failure of passive transfer
vaccination
age - housed calves aged 1-4 months highly susceptible
biosecurity
lungworm
fog fever - unlimited grazing access after hay making

24
Q

diagnostic tools - farm animal respiratory

A

fecal examination - lungworm
BAL - lungworm, cytology, viral antigens
ELISA - viral antigens, lungworm
radiography - foreign objects
ultrasound - structural changes and changes in lung density
blood gas analysis and PCV - hypoxia
thoracocentesis
lung biopsy - invasive, only tells about the section sampled
post mortem

25
Q

birds - signs of respiratory disease

A

common - especially if old, young, immunocompromised, stressedm or suboptimal environment or husbandry

emergency - open mouth breathing

dyspnoea
mouth breathing
tail bobbing
discharge from nares
respiratory noise
change in voice

26
Q

reptiles - signs of respiratory disease

A

common

open mouth breathing - emergency - emergency
exagerrated respiratory effort
gulping throat motions
repeated yawning
tracheal discharges
respiratory noise
ocular and nasal discharge
respiratory noise
facial swellings
altered buoyancy in aquatic species

27
Q

exotic mammals - signs of respiratory disease

A

coughing
sneezing
wheezing
dyspnoea
open mouth breathing - emergency
poor coat
abnormal stance
anorexia
weight loss
increased respiratory effort
ocular or nasal discharge
respiratory noise pyrexia

28
Q

exotic mammals - ddx respiratory disease - general

A

infectious - bacterial, viral, fungal

non-infectious -
environment - substrate/bedding, cleaning regime, changes to husbandry or routine
diet
heat stress
stress - including neutering and vaccination
diagphragmatic hernia
pregnancy toxemia
gastric dilation
cardiac disease
pulmonary neoplasia

29
Q

ferrets - ddx respiratory disease

A

pneumonia uncommon

distemper
influenza
strep equi zooepidemicus
strep pneumoniae
e coli and other bacteria

30
Q

rats - ddx respiratory disease

A

mycoplasma pulmonis
strep pneumoniae
corynebacterium kutscheri

31
Q

guinea pigs - ddx respiratory disease

A

pneumonia significant issue - subclinical infection with signs when stressed

opportunistic bacteria
adenovirus
parainfluenza virus

32
Q

chinchillas - ddx respiratory disease

A

pneumonia uncommon

33
Q

rabbits - ddx respiratory disease

A

myxomatosis
RHDV
neoplasia
irritants
foreign bodies
cardiac disease
gastric dilation
bacteria - pasteurella, bortedella

34
Q

reptiles - ddx respiratory disease

A

environmental
foreign bodies
bacterial
viral
fungal
parasitic

35
Q

snakes - ddx respiratory disease

A

lower respiratory disease more common

arenavirus - inclusion body disease
ophidian paramxyovirus
sunshine virus
nidovirus
secondary bacterial disease
chlamydia penumoniae - zoonotic
mycobacterium - zoonotic

36
Q

birds - ddx respiratory disease

A

AI
chlamydia psittaci
bacterial - e coli, strep, staph
fungal - aspergillus, candida
parasites - trichomonas
nutritional - hypovitaminosis A

bacterial or fungal air sacculitis

swab sample choanal slit

37
Q

tortoise - ddx respiratory disease

A

upper respiratory more common

38
Q

diagnostic tests - repisratory

A

upper -
deep nasal swab - culture and sensitivity
nasolacrimal duct flusg - cytology and culture
rhinoscopy
skull radiography
CT

lower -
troacic radiography

BAL/tracheal wash
bloods - total white blood cell count (infection)
PCR - chlamydia, myxo, RHV, distemper, boretedella, mycoplasma, pasteurella

post mortem

PCP EOY - CVRS (3 decks)

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