Respiratory Flashcards
causes of coughing/dyspnoea
cardiac disease -
cardiomegaly causing bronchus compression
congestive heart failure causing pulmonary oedema
respiratory disease -
upper or lower airway
eupnoea
normal respiration
tachypnoea
increased rate
apnoea
no respiration
hypo/hyperventilation
alterations to ventilation at alveolar level
differentials for tachypnoea
primary respiratory disease
abdominal discomfort
metabolic disease - increase partial pressure CO2
primary cardiac disease
hyperthermia - attempt at cooling
neurological disease - damage to respiratory control centre
pain
stress
upper respiratory tract signs
marked inspiratory effort - collapse of soft tissue with negative pressure on inspiration
inspiratory stridor or stertor
unilateral nasal discharge
harsh, dry, hacking cough, often prodcutive
lower respiratory tract signs
marked expiratory effort - thickening, inflammation and mucous, smaller airways held open during inspiration and early collapse during expiration
bilateral nasal discharge
soft chesty cough - pneumonia, lower airway inflammation, cardiogenic origins
restrictive respiratory pattern
thorax expansion restricted
decreased tidal volume and short shallow breaths –> hypoventilation
paradoxical breathing pattern
paradoxical movement of chest wall - trauma or muscle fatigue from terminal respiratory failure
types of nasal discharge
serous - allergic rhinitis, acute inflammation, viral infection
mucoid - chronic disease
mucopurulent - secondary infection with chronic disease
purulent - bacterial infection
haemorrhagic - trauma, clotting disorder, vascular disease
mixed - all of the above
unilateral - upper respiratory
bilateral - lower respiratory
auscultation
wheezing - air passing through narrowed airways
crackles/rales - air passing through fluids
dull/absent sounds - no air movement through lungs
pleural rubs - friction between pleural surfaces
percussion
thoracic - checking lung parenchyma
sinus - horses - altered resonance in paranasal sinuses points towards fluid/pus/cysts/masses
endoscopy
direct visualisation of -
nasal meati
nasopharynx
ethmoid turbinates
nasomaxillary opening
guttural pouches
trachea
eg for laryngeal hemiplagia
rhinoscopy
nasal foreign bodies or nasal masses
limited access in small animals
uses rigid scope
radiography
paranasal sinuses
fluid accumulation
soft tissue masses
distortion/destruction of normal bony architecture
radiographic patterns
interstitial - diffuse, nodular, space between alveoli and capillaries
bronchial - thickened bronchi, donut and tramlines
alveolar - consolidation or collapse of alveoli, air replaced by fluid or cells
vascular - changes to size, course or opacity of pulmonary vessels, often associated with cardiac disease
nasal/nasopharyngeal swab
identification of specific pathogens (not screening)
viruses - influenza, herpes, IBR
bacteria - streptococcus equi
ultrasonography
assess pleural space
pleural effusion
diseased lung tissue
respiratory secretion sampling
tracheal wash - sampling tracheal mucous, cytology and culture
BAL - blind, cytology only
causes of respiratory disease - cows
viral - BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV
bacterial - manheima haemolytica, histophilus somnus, mycoplasma
parasites - lungworm
fog fever - tryptophan toxicity
farmers lung - mould allergy
aspiration pneumonia
causes of respiratory disease - calves
enzootic pneumonia
IBR
PI3
RSV
BVD
Mycoplasmas
pasteurella
foreign body pneumonia
respiratory disease risk factors - cattle
stress
failure of passive transfer
vaccination
age - housed calves aged 1-4 months highly susceptible
biosecurity
lungworm
fog fever - unlimited grazing access after hay making
diagnostic tools - farm animal respiratory
fecal examination - lungworm
BAL - lungworm, cytology, viral antigens
ELISA - viral antigens, lungworm
radiography - foreign objects
ultrasound - structural changes and changes in lung density
blood gas analysis and PCV - hypoxia
thoracocentesis
lung biopsy - invasive, only tells about the section sampled
post mortem
birds - signs of respiratory disease
common - especially if old, young, immunocompromised, stressedm or suboptimal environment or husbandry
emergency - open mouth breathing
dyspnoea
mouth breathing
tail bobbing
discharge from nares
respiratory noise
change in voice
reptiles - signs of respiratory disease
common
open mouth breathing - emergency - emergency
exagerrated respiratory effort
gulping throat motions
repeated yawning
tracheal discharges
respiratory noise
ocular and nasal discharge
respiratory noise
facial swellings
altered buoyancy in aquatic species
exotic mammals - signs of respiratory disease
coughing
sneezing
wheezing
dyspnoea
open mouth breathing - emergency
poor coat
abnormal stance
anorexia
weight loss
increased respiratory effort
ocular or nasal discharge
respiratory noise pyrexia
exotic mammals - ddx respiratory disease - general
infectious - bacterial, viral, fungal
non-infectious -
environment - substrate/bedding, cleaning regime, changes to husbandry or routine
diet
heat stress
stress - including neutering and vaccination
diagphragmatic hernia
pregnancy toxemia
gastric dilation
cardiac disease
pulmonary neoplasia
ferrets - ddx respiratory disease
pneumonia uncommon
distemper
influenza
strep equi zooepidemicus
strep pneumoniae
e coli and other bacteria
rats - ddx respiratory disease
mycoplasma pulmonis
strep pneumoniae
corynebacterium kutscheri
guinea pigs - ddx respiratory disease
pneumonia significant issue - subclinical infection with signs when stressed
opportunistic bacteria
adenovirus
parainfluenza virus
chinchillas - ddx respiratory disease
pneumonia uncommon
rabbits - ddx respiratory disease
myxomatosis
RHDV
neoplasia
irritants
foreign bodies
cardiac disease
gastric dilation
bacteria - pasteurella, bortedella
reptiles - ddx respiratory disease
environmental
foreign bodies
bacterial
viral
fungal
parasitic
snakes - ddx respiratory disease
lower respiratory disease more common
arenavirus - inclusion body disease
ophidian paramxyovirus
sunshine virus
nidovirus
secondary bacterial disease
chlamydia penumoniae - zoonotic
mycobacterium - zoonotic
birds - ddx respiratory disease
AI
chlamydia psittaci
bacterial - e coli, strep, staph
fungal - aspergillus, candida
parasites - trichomonas
nutritional - hypovitaminosis A
bacterial or fungal air sacculitis
swab sample choanal slit
tortoise - ddx respiratory disease
upper respiratory more common
diagnostic tests - repisratory
upper -
deep nasal swab - culture and sensitivity
nasolacrimal duct flusg - cytology and culture
rhinoscopy
skull radiography
CT
lower -
troacic radiography
BAL/tracheal wash
bloods - total white blood cell count (infection)
PCR - chlamydia, myxo, RHV, distemper, boretedella, mycoplasma, pasteurella
post mortem
