Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PCP EOY - CVRS > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

heart failure

A

cardiac output and tissue perfusion maintained at expense of increased cardiac filling pressures

heart can no longer meet metabolic needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

compensations for heart failure

A

cytokines
aldosterone system
RAAS
sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cardiac causes of heart failure

A

mitral valve disease
DCM
HCM
pericardial effusion
restrictive cardiomyopathy
patent ductus arteriosus
mitral/tricuspid valve dysplasia
pulmonic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

classifications of heart failure

A

A - no heart failure, at risk breed
B1 - no heart failure, murmur but no enlargement
B2 - no heart failure, murmur and cardiomegaly
C - presence or history of heart failure
D - refractory heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diagnosis of heart failure

A

thoracic radiography
echocardiography
NT- proBNP levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

signs of heart failure

A

cough
dyspnoea
increased sleeping respiratory rate
exercise intolerance

gallop and arrythmia - poor prognostic indicators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

normal vertebral heart score

A

13.25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

non cardiac sources of NT-proBNP

A

systemic hypertension
hyperthyroidism
renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ECG - B mode

A

moving image of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ECG - M mode

A

sending one beam only so only see structure associated with that beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ECG - views

A

right parasternal long axis - large left ventricle view, see all chambers

right parasternal short axis - mushroom - LV in mushroom bit, RV crescent moon shap

base parasternal short axis - mercedes sign - aorta view

Right sided -
subjective assessment of chamber size and systolic function
evaluate mitral and tricuspid valves
measure chamber size

measurements taken over 3 cycles and averaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ECG - transducer

A

generates sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ECG - frequency

A

number of cycles per second

high frequency = better resolution but shallower depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ECG - acoustic impedance

A

resistance of a medium to the flow of sound - bone is high, air is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ECG - attenuation

A

weakening of a sound travelling through a medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ECG - controls

A

depth - adjusts field of view
gain - power - higher gain –> whiter image
sector width - angle of sector shown, smaller sector –> higher resolutation
focus - at depth level of interest

hyperechoic - white
hypoechoic - black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ECG - fractional shortening

A

allometric scale for m-mode cardiac measurements

= (LV diameter during diastole - LV diameter during systole)/LV diameter during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ECG - cornell measurement

A

scaling for size of heart to body weight

19
Q

ECG - E-point to septal separation

A

minimum difference between e point of mitral valve and the septum in m mode

20
Q

acquired heart disease in dogs

A

mitral valve disease
DCM
pericardial effusion

21
Q

cquired heart disease in cats

A

HCM
HOCM (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy)
restrictive cardiomyopathy
DCM

22
Q

indications for ECG

A

murmur
breathlessness, cough, or collapse
arrythmia
gallop rhythm
investigation of pericardial disease
unexplained pyrexia
breed screening for preclinical DCM
pre-chemo assessment

23
Q

key indicators in history of heart disease - farm

A

syncope
exercise intolerence
murmur
lethargy
anorexia
mouth breathing
fluid thrill
dyspnoea
crackles
jugular pulsation
cyanosis
cough

young - more likely congenital
adult - more likely acquired

24
Q

clinical signs heart disease - farm

A

often non-specific/absent
exercise intolerance and weakness
syncope/pre-syncope
cyanosis
coughing
paresis
neurologic signs

25
clinical signs heart failure - farm
tachypnoea/dyspnoea weight loss swollen abdomen peripheral oedema other heart disease signs
26
mm - colour and CRT
cyanosis - right to left shunt central - body wide cyanosis differential - head membranes normal, caudal pale peripheral - affecting only certain regions slow CRT - poor CO
27
jugular
pulsation - should only be visible 1/3 up neck tricuspid regurgitation - backflow up vena cava collapse right atrium - pericardial effusion, back up of blood up jugular distension - elevated systemic venous pressure right sided heart failure pericardial disease cranial vena cava obstruction - neoplasia or thrombus hypervolemia
28
auscultation
murmur gallop arrhytmia HR lung fields muffled sounds crackles
29
palpation
apex beat - shouldn't be prominent on right thrill percussion for fluid/air compression - reduced compressibility in cats with heart disease
30
gallop sounds
additional sound for S3 (early diastolic filling - systolic dysfunction) or S4 (atrial contraction - forced atrial ejection)
31
abdominal examination
palpation - ascites, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, pain hepatojugular reflux - push up behind last ribs, if heart under too much pressure see blood flow back up jugular
32
arterial pulse
femoral - does pulse rate match HR, pulse quality pulsus alternans - alternating stong and weak pulses - myocardial failure pulses paradoxus - decreased pulse quality on inspiration - pericardial effusion
33
heart murmurs
turbulent blood flow can be innocent or due to leaking valve (stenosis) additional sound, longer than normal sounds systole - between lub and dub diastole - after dub low grade murmur in puppies and kittens - resolves on it's own
34
heart murmur grading
1. barely audible 2. audible but quieter than heart sounds 3. clearly audible and as loud as heart sounds 4. louder than heart sounds 5. thrill present on palpation 6. audible with stethoscope off chest
35
apical systolic murmur
left side - mitral regurgitation DCM or MMVD can radiate to right side if loud enough right side - tricuspid regurgitation tricuspid valve dysplasia, pulmonary hypotension or valve degeneration
36
basillar systolic murmur
under axilla harsh sound radiates to thoracic inlet and sometimes up carotid hard to notice unless severe
37
innocent/functional murmur
innocent - puppies and kittens - systolic, left, heart base, resolves on its own functional - side effect of another disease
38
ventricular septum defect
left to right murmur louder if hole is smaller (so louder is more severe)
39
atrial septal defect
murmuer at left heart base
40
diastolic murmurs
aortic regurgitation - quiet, at heart base - early mitral valve closure pulmonic regurgitation - left base, uncommon, pulmonary hypertension mitral stenosis - left apex, rare, mid-diastole continuous - patent ductus arteriosus
41
investigating heart murmurs
blood pressure CBC biochem electrolytes NT-proBNP cardiac troponin ECG thoracic imagine
42
treatment in heart failure
oxygen ultrasound at point of care furosemide - IV or IM blood pressure monitoring bloods when stable - ECG and radiographs
43
indications to investigate murmur
murmur present at rest loud murmur remaining loud through rest of systole other signs murmur radiates out from main point continuous or diastolic element to murmur

PCP EOY - CVRS (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions