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Pathology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What type of Virus is Influenza

A

RNA Virus

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2
Q

What percentage of the worlds population is infected by influenza yearly?

A

10-20%

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3
Q

Similaries of flu with common cold

A

Spread in winter months
Direct contact or via droplets
Child (5-7 per yr)
Adult (1-2 per year)

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4
Q

Influenza A viruses

A

Found in humans, birds, pigs & horses
causes epidemics and occasionally pandemics, and there is an animal reservoir, notably in birds

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5
Q

Influenza B viruses

A

Found in humans only
Only causes epidemics and do not involve animal hosts.

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6
Q

Influenza C viruses

A

Found in humans only
Only cause minor respiratory illness.

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7
Q

What type of viruses is mainly responsible for pandemics?

A

Type A Viruses

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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of type A viruses?

A

HA types
NA types

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9
Q

What does a seasonal flu vaccine contain?

A

Each seasonal vaccine contains 3 influenza viruses:

One A(H3N2) virus

One A(H1N1) virus – not the 2009 pandemic virus

One B virus

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10
Q

Treatment (drugs) for human flu

A

Zanamivir (Relenza)
Neuraminidase inhibitor (important for the budding out of virus from the host cell)
Influenza A and B

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Neuraminidase inhibitor
Influenza A and B

Amantadine
Inhibitor of viral M2 protein

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11
Q

What percentage of protection do current vaccines give?

A

70-80%
prevention purposes

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12
Q

Swine flu pandemic - Year, strain and spread

A

2009
H1NI
Spread: It is derived originally from a strain that lived in pigs. It spreads by droplets and touch from person to person and not from swine to people.
The virus, contains a combination of genes from swine, avian (bird), and human influenza viruses.

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13
Q

Vaccine and treatment for swine flu

A

Preventive vaccine: Pandemrix – killed/inactivated vaccine
Treatment: Antivirals – Relenza or tamiflu

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14
Q

How does SARS-CoV-2 infect cells?

A

by droplets
in epithelial of the respiratory tract

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15
Q

What is the virus that caused COVID-19?

A

SARS-CoV-2

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16
Q

Infections that affect the lower respiratory tract?

A

Cough
Sputum (+ presence of blood)
Wheezing
Breathlessness
Chest pain
Others, e.g. fever
Cyanosis
Clubbing of fingers

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17
Q

Normal blood o2 saturation range + meaning

A

95% to 100%, = almost all of your blood’s hemoglobin is carrying oxygen

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18
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

acute inflammation of lung parenchyma

19
Q

Risk factors of pneumonia

A

Age (infants, young children and elderly)
Stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease
Immunocompromised individuals
Alcoholism and smoking
Asthma
Congestive cardiac failure
Cystic fibrosis
Chronic obstructive lung diseases

20
Q

Aetiology of Pneumonia

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplasma, chlamydia

21
Q

What opportunistic infections cause pneumonia?

A

Pneumocystis carinii
Fungal infections
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Mycobacterium Avium

22
Q

Risk factors for opportunistic pneumonia

A

Bone marrow transplants
Cancer (including lymphoma and leukemia)
Long-term corticosteroid medication
Organ transplants
Stem cell transplants
Use of immunosuppressant medication.

23
Q

Community acquired pneumonia

A

one of the most common infectious diseases
Most commonly caused by a bacterial infection
Communityacquiredis when a person who has little contact with the healthcare system contracts the condition

24
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia

A

AKA nosocomial pneumonia
any pneumonia contracted by a patient in a hospital at least 48–72 hours after being admitted.
It is usually caused by a bacterial infection, rather than a virus.

25
Q

Morphological classes of pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia, Lobar & interstitial pneumonia

26
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

A

right side of lung is affected - collection of fluid

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella

Symptoms:
Stabbing chest pain when breathing in
Cough and fever
Shortness of breath
Diagnosis:
X-ray
Bacteria in blood or sputum
Increase in neutrophil count in blood

Treatment:
Antibiotics: ampicillin, clarithromycin for 5-7 days
Prophylactic vaccine against pneumococcus

27
Q

What are the complications of lobar pneumonia?

A

Abscess formation

Failure of resolution stage:
- intra-alveolar fibrosis
- permanent loss of ventilatory function

Bacteremia:
- endocarditis
- cerebral abscess/meningitis
Pleural effusion: fluid collection in pleural cavity
Empyema: Pus collection in pleural cavity

28
Q

What is Bronchopneumonia caused by?

A

Staphylococcus aureus, H.influenza
symptoms + treament same as lobar pneuomonia

29
Q

What is Interstitial Pneumonia caused by?

A

Most frequently caused by viruses – influenza A and adenovirus

30
Q

Treatment for interstitial pneumonia

A

Bed rest (oxygen may be needed in severe cases)
Antibiotics will have no effect – unless there is a secondary bacterial infection.
Most cases resolve completely. The rare complication is interstitial fibrosis.

31
Q

Symptoms of interstitial pneumonia

A

Fever
Chill
Dry Cough
Shortness of breath

32
Q

Causes of lung cancer

A

Smoking (90% of cases)
Asbestos
Radon (radioactive gas)
Chromium, nickel, arsenic and coal tar
Radiation
Passive smoking
Mutation in: EGFR, BRAF, KRAS, MET, LKB1 and P53

33
Q

Primary lung cancer

A

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

34
Q

Secondary lung cancer

A

Any type of cancer that can spread to the lung

35
Q

Small cell lung cancer

A

15-20% of lung cancers
Tends to be very aggressive

36
Q

Non-small cell lung cancer

A

80-85% of lung cancers
Squamous cell carcinoma: 30%
Adenocarcinoma: 35-40%
Large cell lung cancer: 10-15%

37
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

smoking for a long period of time

38
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Occurs more in smokers who have quit and non-smokers

39
Q

small cell carcinoma

A

Most common type seen in asbestos workers

40
Q

Lung cancer diagnosis

A

Patient history and physical examination
Diagnostic tests
- Chest x-ray
- Biopsy
- CT scan of chest/abdomen
- PET Scan
- Bone scan

41
Q

Lung cancer screening

A

No proven effective screening tool
Chest x-ray commonly used

42
Q

Metastasis of primary lung cancer

A

Lymph nodes, brain, liver, adrenal gland, bones

43
Q

Lung cancer treatment
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)

A

Surgical removal (T1, N0, M0) – 5-10% cases
70% survival for 5 years
85% unresectable cases
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy (cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, gemcitabine

44
Q

Lung cancer treatment
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)

A

Limited disease:
Chemotherapy
Concomitant radiotherapy
Prophylactic cranial irradiation

18-20 months median survival
10% 5-year survival chance

Extensive disease:
Chemotherapy
Palliative radiation

10-12 months median survival
1-2% 5-year survival

Pathology (11 decks)

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