Endocrine pathology Flashcards
What is the endocrine system?
A collection of specialised glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood.
What are hormones?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions
Anterior pituitory
synthesizes and secretes hormones
Intermediate pituitory
the intermediate love synthesises and secretes the following important endocrine hormones:
Melanocyte–stimulating hormon(MSH).
posterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary stores and secretes (but does not synthesize) the following important endocrine hormones:
Magnocellular Neurons:
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin
How are hormones grouped?
Based on what they are derived from
Often referred to as steroid and non-steroid (peptide) hormones
Steroid hormone
lipid soluble
synthesised from cholesterol
Non steroid
Derived from amino acids
What is blood sugar regulation?
the process by which the levels of blood sugar, primarily glucose, are maintained by the body within a narrow range.
This tight regulation is referred to as glucose homeostasis. Insulin, which lowers blood sugar, and glucagon, which raises it, are the most well known of the hormones involved.
What happens when there is a problem with this (blood glucose homeostasis) feedback loop?
Diabetes
What is the stimulus of insulin and glucagon?
insulin: increased blood glucose
glucogon: low blood glucose
What is the normal blood fasting level?
4.4 to 6 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL
Who Criteria:
Diabetes: Fasting Glucose ≥7mmol/L (126 mg/dl); 2-h OGTT ≥ 11.1mmol/l (200mg/dl).
Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Fasting < 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/L); 2-h OGTT ≥ 7.8 mmol/l < 11.1mmol/l (200mg/dl).
Impaired fasting glucose: 6.1 – 6.9 mmol/L
