Respiratory

Question 1

The respiratory system

Answer 1

The respiratory system is responsible for drawing in air to exchange oxygen (O2) for carbon dioxide (CO2), and removing CO2 and other gaseous wastes.

The lungs depend on the cardiovascular system to deliver O2 to the cells.

Question 2

Function: Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Exchange

Answer 2

Takes in oxygen from outside air, exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs, exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide at the cellular level, and eliminates carbon dioxide from the body.

Question 3

Function: Acid-base balance

Answer 3

Assists in regulating body’s pH and eliminates some water.

Question 4

Function: Protection

Answer 4

Warms and moistens air before it enters lungs, mucus in nose traps foreign particles, and coughing and sneezing dislodges foreign particles. Coughing and sneezing are protective reflexes needed to dislodge materials from respiratory passages.

Question 5

Function: Speech production

Answer 5

Air flows over the vocal cords to produce sound.

Question 6

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 6

Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
        -Nasopharynx 
         -Oropharynx
         -Laryngopharynx
Larynx (voice box)

Question 7

Nose

Answer 7

Air enters through the right and left nostrils. Mucous membranes in the nose aid in warming and moistening air due to the rich supply of blood vessels in the nasal cavity. Hairs in the nose serves as filters to remove some foreign particles.

Question 8

Sinuses

Answer 8

four sinuses are located on each side of the nasal area. The sinuses lighten the skull and provides resonance for the voice.

Question 9

Pharynx

Answer 9

Air travels from the nose to the pharynx, a tube-shaped passage for air and food.

Question 10

Nasopharynx

Pharynx

Answer 10

extending from the nares to the uvula is the nasopharynx and is used as a passageway for air only. During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula elevate to block the nasal cavity, preventing food from entering the respiratory system.

Question 11

Oropharynx

Pharynx

Answer 11

part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis, commonly called the throat. The oropharynx carries food to the esophagus and air to the trachea. Tonsils are present in the oropharynx and are involved in the immune response of the body.

Question 12

Laryngopharynx

Pharynx

Answer 12

lowest portion of the pharynx and extends from the epiglottis to its division into two separate passageways; the larynx is for air and esophagus is for food.

Question 13

Larynx (voice box)

Answer 13

Air passes into the larynx, a box-like structure in the midline of the neck, composed of cartilages held together by ligaments. The function of the cartilages in the larynx is to keep the airway open at all times. The epiglottis automatically closes when swallowing guarding the entrance of the larynx, only allowing air to pass through. At the base of the larynx are the vocal cords, two thin, triangle-shaped reed-like folds or fibrous bands. When vocal cords are close together, air passing over them causes them to vibrate, producing sound, similar to a reed organ. The size of the vocal cords and larynx varies, accounting for differences in people’s voices.

Question 14

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 14

Trachea (windpipe) 
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Alveolar sacs 
Lungs

Question 15

Trachea (windpipe)

Answer 15

Air passes from the larynx to the trachea. It consists of C-shaped cartilage and extends from the lower end of the larynx into the chest cavity behind the heart. Smooth muscles begin to assist the passage of air in the trachea. The trachea has horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings to provide sufficient rigidity to keep it open at all times, allowing air to pass through.

Question 16

Bronchi

Answer 16

Trachea divides into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus enters the lung and branches off. One primary bronchus enters each lung. The right bronchus is straighter, more vertical, and wider than the left. Smooth muscles encircle bronchi.

Question 17

Bronchiole

Answer 17

bronchus divides into smaller branches to form the bronchial tree (which looks like an upside down tree). Bronchioles are when bronchi becomes smaller, thinner, and the amount of cartilage decreases. Bronchioles further branch into alveolar ducts, which look like stems.

Question 18

Alveolar sacs

Answer 18

looks like cluster of grapes. Each lung contains millions of alveoli and the microscopic balloons give the lungs their spongey appearance. The alveoli are the basic structural units of gas exchange. Surfactant present in the alveolar sacs prevent the alveolar walls from collapsing between breaths. Alveolar cells secrete surfactant, which preserves the elasticity of lung tissue.

Question 19

Lungs

Answer 19

two cone shaped organs that fill the chest cavity are the lungs. Oxygen is delivered from outside air and carbon dioxide is removed from the body. The top of the lungs is the apex and the base is the lower portion. The left lung has two lobes due to the cardiac notch to allow space for the heart. The right lung has three lobes.

Question 20

Ventilation

Answer 20

also known as breathing is the mechanical process of respiration that moves air to and from alveoli. Ventilation is divided into inspiration and expiration.

Question 21

inspiration

Answer 21

Inhalation or inspiration is breathing air in. Inspiration is active movement

Question 22

expiration

Answer 22

Exhalation or expiration is breathing out. expiration is passive.

Question 23

Diaphragm

Answer 23

Dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The diaphragm contracts and flattens to increase both chest (pleural) space and pleural vacuum creating negative pressure.

When the diaphragm relaxes, pleural space and vacuum is decreased creating positive pressure.