Respiratory 1 - previous semester (Formulas)

Question 1

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

moving air into and out of the lungs

Question 2

External respiration

Answer 2

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

Question 3

Transport

Answer 3

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

Question 4

Internal respiration

Answer 4

gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Question 5

Bronchial arteries

Answer 5

From aorta; 2% of cardiac output
Bronchial veins drain into pulmonary veins
Do not take part in gas exchange “physiological shunt”

Question 6

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 6

Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

Question 7

FUNTIONS OF NOSE

Answer 7

Heat and moister exchanger (HME)
Air conditioning
100% humidification  and
Warming  the inspired air
Filtration, by nasal hairs
Up to 6 micrometer particles

Question 8

tracheostomy concerns

Answer 8

Bleeding can occur while inserting nasal tubes due to increase vascularity of nasal mucosa”
“Tracheostomy can lead to lung crusting and infection”

Question 9

Conductive zone

Answer 9

Consists of nose, pharynx, trachea (10 to 12 cm long), bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Cartilage is present only in the trachea and bronchi. Brings air in and out. Warms, humidifies, filter air. Anatomic dead space. Walls of conducting airways contain smooth muscle

Question 10

Respiratory zone

Answer 10

Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, and alveoli (300 millions in each lung). Participate in gas exchange

Question 11

Larynx (Voice Box)

Answer 11

Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly
Continuous with the trachea posteriorly
The three functions of the larynx are:
To provide a patent airway
To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
To function in voice production

Question 12

Framework of the Larynx

Answer 12

Cartilages (hyaline) of the larynx
Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Signet ring–shaped anteroinferior cricoid cartilage
Three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

Question 13

epiglottis

Answer 13

Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

Question 14

vallecula epiglottica

Answer 14

The depressions on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold.

Question 15

false vocal cords

Answer 15

Mucosal folds superior to the true vocal cords

Have no part in sound production

Question 16

true vocal cords

Answer 16

Composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords
The medial opening between them is the glottis
They vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

Question 17

vocal cords- what attaches to what

Answer 17

Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage

Question 18

speech

Answer 18

– intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

Question 19

pitch

Answer 19

determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords

Question 20

Loudness

Answer 20

depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords

Question 21

the pharyn

Answer 21

The pharynx resonates, amplifies, and enhances sound quality

Question 22

how is sound shaped

Answer 22

Sound is “shaped” into language by action of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

Question 23

Valsalva’s maneuver

Answer 23

Air is temporarily held in the lower respiratory tract by closing the glottis
Causes intra-abdominal pressure to rise when abdominal muscles contract
Helps to empty the rectum
Acts as a splint to stabilize the trunk when lifting heavy loads

Question 24

The larynx is closed when?

Answer 24

during coughing, sneezing, and Valsalva’s maneuver

Question 25

respiratory muscles inspiratory you shouldn’t be using

Answer 25

External intercostals, scalene , sternomastoids muscles

Question 26

expiratory muscles you shouldn’t be using

Answer 26

Rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, transversus abdominis
Internal intercostal

Question 27

role of the diaphragm

Answer 27

Diaphragm is the most important muscle of inspiration, it’s a dome-shaped sheet of muscle which separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It acts like a ‘piston’. To initiate inspiration, it contracts, causing it to descend. This action increases intrathoracic volume and decreases the intrathoracic pressure below atmospheric pressure , allowing air to enter the lungs down its pressure gradient.
It accounts for approximately 75% of tidal volume, during normal quiet respiration.
It is supplied by phrenic nerve ( C3,4,5 )
Pain from the diaphragm can be referred to the shoulder

Question 28

physiological dead space.

Answer 28

=Anatomical DS+ Alveolar DS

Question 29

alveolar dead space

Answer 29

is the volume of air that enters non-perfused or poorly perfused alveoli. Normally = zero

Question 30

anatomical dead space

Answer 30

150 2ml/kg

Question 31

minute ventilation

Answer 31

tidal volumexRR

Question 32

alveolar ventilation =

Answer 32

(tidal volume-dead space) x RR

Question 33

physiological dead space formula

Answer 33

tidal volume x [(pac02-pec02)/pac02]