Respiratory 1 - previous semester (Formulas) Flashcards
Pulmonary ventilation
moving air into and out of the lungs
External respiration
gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
Transport
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
Internal respiration
gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Bronchial arteries
From aorta; 2% of cardiac output
Bronchial veins drain into pulmonary veins
Do not take part in gas exchange “physiological shunt”
Pulmonary arteries
Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle
FUNTIONS OF NOSE
Heat and moister exchanger (HME) Air conditioning 100% humidification and Warming the inspired air Filtration, by nasal hairs Up to 6 micrometer particles
tracheostomy concerns
Bleeding can occur while inserting nasal tubes due to increase vascularity of nasal mucosa”
“Tracheostomy can lead to lung crusting and infection”
Conductive zone
Consists of nose, pharynx, trachea (10 to 12 cm long), bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Cartilage is present only in the trachea and bronchi. Brings air in and out. Warms, humidifies, filter air. Anatomic dead space. Walls of conducting airways contain smooth muscle
Respiratory zone
Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, and alveoli (300 millions in each lung). Participate in gas exchange
Larynx (Voice Box)
Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly
Continuous with the trachea posteriorly
The three functions of the larynx are:
To provide a patent airway
To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
To function in voice production
Framework of the Larynx
Cartilages (hyaline) of the larynx
Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Signet ring–shaped anteroinferior cricoid cartilage
Three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
epiglottis
Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
vallecula epiglottica
The depressions on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold.
false vocal cords
Mucosal folds superior to the true vocal cords
Have no part in sound production
true vocal cords
Composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords
The medial opening between them is the glottis
They vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
vocal cords- what attaches to what
Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
speech
– intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis
pitch
determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords
Loudness
depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords
the pharyn
The pharynx resonates, amplifies, and enhances sound quality
how is sound shaped
Sound is “shaped” into language by action of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
Valsalva’s maneuver
Air is temporarily held in the lower respiratory tract by closing the glottis
Causes intra-abdominal pressure to rise when abdominal muscles contract
Helps to empty the rectum
Acts as a splint to stabilize the trunk when lifting heavy loads
The larynx is closed when?
during coughing, sneezing, and Valsalva’s maneuver
respiratory muscles inspiratory you shouldn’t be using
External intercostals, scalene , sternomastoids muscles
expiratory muscles you shouldn’t be using
Rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, transversus abdominis
Internal intercostal
role of the diaphragm
Diaphragm is the most important muscle of inspiration, it’s a dome-shaped sheet of muscle which separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It acts like a ‘piston’. To initiate inspiration, it contracts, causing it to descend. This action increases intrathoracic volume and decreases the intrathoracic pressure below atmospheric pressure , allowing air to enter the lungs down its pressure gradient.
It accounts for approximately 75% of tidal volume, during normal quiet respiration.
It is supplied by phrenic nerve ( C3,4,5 )
Pain from the diaphragm can be referred to the shoulder
physiological dead space.
=Anatomical DS+ Alveolar DS
alveolar dead space
is the volume of air that enters non-perfused or poorly perfused alveoli. Normally = zero
anatomical dead space
150 2ml/kg
minute ventilation
tidal volumexRR
alveolar ventilation =
(tidal volume-dead space) x RR
physiological dead space formula
tidal volume x [(pac02-pec02)/pac02]
