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BHP Exam 3 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atelectasis is collapse of lung due to

A

compression of the lung when fluid or air accumulates in the pleural cavity

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2
Q

pulmonary hypertension results in

A

increased work and right heart failure (cor pulmonale)

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3
Q

pulmonary emboli may arise where…and pass where….

A

may arise in deep leg veins and pass in the venous circulation to heart/pulmonary arteries

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4
Q

What occurs in clinical settings marked by venous stasis?

A

pulmonary emboli

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5
Q

Liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension will result in …

A

pulmonary thromboemboli

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6
Q

pulmonary emboli are rarely due to non-thrombotic material

A

1 cancer-embolization of clumps of tumor cells
2 fractures-fat, bone marrow emboli
3 childbirth-amniotic fluid embolism
4 foreign material-bullet materials

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7
Q

What is pneumonia’s pathological method of spread?

A

1 Air space spread (usually bacterial)

OR

2 interstitial spread (usually viral)

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8
Q

pneumonia clinical classification

A 
1 community-acquired
2 hospital acquired (nosocomial)
3 acquired in special environments
4 immunosupressed patients
5 aspiration pneumonia
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9
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

acute bacterial pneumonia centered on bronchi that spreads to adjacent alveoli

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10
Q

If broncopneumonia is healed, what happens?

A

fibrosis

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11
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

microorganisms colonize distal alveolar air spaces rather than bronchi

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12
Q

What does the lobe of Lobar pneumonia look like?

A

lobe is consolidated and airless

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13
Q

histopathology of lobar pneumonia

A

alveoli filled with acute inflammatory exudate which is limited by pulmonary fissures

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14
Q

Can you recover from lobar pneumonia?

A

**many recover with return to normal structure and function

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15
Q

What gram positive bacteria is 33% of community acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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16
Q

How do we diagnose hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

bronchial lavage with contaminated expectorated sputum of the oropharynx

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17
Q

when does hospital-acquired pneumonia occur?

A
  • 2 days + after hospitalization

- incidence is 5% of those admitted

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18
Q

What is the most lethal form of viral pneumonia?

A

influenza, viral interstitial pneumonitis

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19
Q

Fungal Pneumonia

A

typically in immunosuppressed

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20
Q

Opportunistic infections in the immunosupressed with pneumonia

A

**candida, asperigillus, pneumocystis jirovecii (alveoli filled with fine, foam like material; fungus)

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21
Q

How does lobar pneumonia spread?

A

spreads through alveoli to involve whole lobes

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22
Q

most hospital acquired cases of pneumonia is due to what kind of organisms?

A

gram negative organisms

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23
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Permanent abnormal dilation of bronchial tree due to chronic infection with inflammation and necrosis of bronchial wall

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24
Q

Asthma extrinsic type (immune, atopic)

A

1 mediated by type I hypersensitivity response involving IgE bound to mast cells
2 begins in childhood, usually in families with history of allergy

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25
Q

Emphysema

A

clinically increased anteriorposterior diameter of the chest (barrel-chest) increased total vital capacity

26
Q

What has an imbalance between proteases and protease inhibitors?

A

Emphysema
1 smoking- increases release of proteases (ex elastase) from neutrophils and macrophages; inactivates alpha-antitrypsin
2 congenital-lack of protease inhibitors

27
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

airway obstruction due to luminal narrowing and mucous plugging

28
Q

What two diseases cause airway narrowing?

A

chronic bronchitis and asthma

29
Q

chronic obstructive airway diseases summary part 2

A

1 emphysema caused by unregulated extracellular protease (secreted from inflammatory cells) activity
-two patterns of generalized emphysema: centrilobular and panacinar
2 in chronic bronchitis, airways show mucus hypersecretion with gland hyperplasia
-may patients with chronic bronchitis have an asthmatic component, as well as emphysema
3 pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure are common in long standing obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

30
Q

portal hypertension

A

increase in the blood pressure within the portal venous system

31
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage

A

bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lungs and fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then collected for examination

32
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs, usually due to a blood clot, which blocks a coronary artery.

33
Q

polycythemia

A

disease state in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases

34
Q

forms of influenza

A

rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, interstitial pneumonitis

35
Q

**Most lethal form of viral pneumonia

A

Influenza, viral Interstitial pneumonitis

36
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood

37
Q

hypercapnia

A

elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood

38
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

increased pulmonary arterial pressure leads to structural changes

39
Q

venous stasis and pulmonary emboli

A

primary venous disease, congestive heart failure, prolonged bed rest or immobilization, prolonged sitting while traveling

40
Q

What causes pulmonary edema?

A

left ventricular failure

41
Q

What does pulmonary hypertension cause?

A

right-sided heart failure

42
Q

Pulmonary thromboembolism is most commonly from

A

deep leg vein thrombosis

43
Q

What may large pulmonary emboli cause?

A

acute right heart failure and death

44
Q

What is known as airspace pneumonia?

A

lobar pneumonia

45
Q

In what condition is the affected lung firm, airless, dark red or gray?

A

Bronchopneumonia

46
Q

In what condition may the pus be in peripheral bronchi?

A

Bronchopneumonia

47
Q

What are variable causative organisms of bronchopneumonia?

A

staph. aureus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, strep. pyogenes

48
Q

What occurs when microorganisms widely colonize distal alveolar air spaces rather than bronchi ?

A

lobar pneumonia

49
Q

What pneumonia usually occurs in alcoholics and adults?

A

lobar pneumonia

50
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

A

rapid spread through alveolar spaces and bronchioles causes acute inflammatory exudate into air spaces especially with Strep. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) or Klebsiella

51
Q

What develops from the spread of a tracheobronchial infection?

A

Bronchopneumonia

52
Q

What does atypical pneumonia cause?

A

predominantly interstitial inflammation

53
Q

different organisms cause community acquired types of pneumonia

A

most common is due to strep. pneumoniae

54
Q

What exposure of pneumonia is associated with Legionnaire disease and fungal pneumonias?

A

specific environmental exposure

55
Q

Aspiration pneumonia results in both

A

chemical and mixed infective damage to lungs

56
Q

What has opportunistic mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa in the immunosupressed?

A

Pneumonia

57
Q

What causes loss of recoil in the lungs?

A

emphysema

58
Q

What is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response in airways, leading to reversible airways obstruction?

A

asthma

59
Q

What do muscle spasms, mucous plugging and mucosal edema cause?

A

airway obstruction

60
Q

What is is permanent dilation of the respiratory acinus, with destruction of tissue in the absence of scarring?

A

Generalized edema

61
Q

3 consequences of hypoxemia

A

pulmonary hypertension, polycythemia, hypercapnia

62
Q

What are the common organisms in lobar pneumonia?

A

strep pneumoniae and klebsiella

BHP Exam 3 (7 decks)

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