respiration study guide Flashcards
Q: What is the function of the diaphragm in respiration?
A: The diaphragm contracts to move down, increasing thoracic cavity volume and decreasing pressure for inhalation. It relaxes to move up, decreasing volume and increasing pressure for exhalation.
Q: What are the types of lung volumes?
Tidal Volume (TV): Air inhaled/exhaled in a passive breath (500cc).
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Extra air inhaled beyond TV (3000cc).
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Extra air exhaled beyond TV (1000cc).
Residual Volume (RV): Air that remains in the lungs (1100cc).
Q: What is Boyle’s Law in the context of respiration?
A: Boyle’s Law explains that when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, pressure decreases, causing air to rush in (inhalation). When volume decreases, pressure increases, causing air to rush out (exhalation).
Q: What are the four types of elementary tissues?
Epithelial Tissue – Protects and absorbs (e.g., skin).
Connective Tissue – Binds and supports (e.g., tendons).
Muscular Tissue – Contracts for movement (e.g., heart).
Nervous Tissue – Transmits information (e.g., brain).
Q: What is the difference between lung volumes and lung capacities?
A: Lung volumes measure individual air amounts (TV, IRV, ERV, RV), while lung capacities combine lung volumes (e.g., Vital Capacity = TV + IRV + ERV).
Q: What are the primary muscles of inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration: Diaphragm, external intercostals.
Expiration: Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles.
Q: What occurs during gas exchange in the alveoli?
A: Oxygen enters the alveoli and is exchanged for carbon dioxide, which is exhaled. Red blood cells pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide in this process.
Q: What is the function of the pleura in respiration?
A: The pleura, a sheet of tissue covering the lungs, allows the layers to glide smoothly against each other during breathing by filling the space between them with a small amount of liquid.
Q: Name the anatomical planes and what they divide.
Sagittal: Divides the body into left and right.
Coronal: Divides the body into front and back.
Transverse: Divides the body into top and bottom.
Q: What is the function of intercostal muscles?
External intercostals: Lift the ribcage up and forward for inhalation.
Internal intercostals: Pull ribs down and back for exhalation.
What are the accessory muscles involved in respiration?
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, costal levators, transverse thoracis, serratus anterior, serratus posterior (Superior)
Q: What are the primary muscles used for forced expiration?
A: Internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis, pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi.
Q: What is the inspiratory capacity (IC)?
A: The maximum amount of air inhaled after a normal exhalation (TV + IRV).
Q: Define tidal volume (TV).
A: The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a quiet/passive respiratory cycle (500cc).
Q: What is vital capacity (VC), and why is it important for speech?
A: VC is the total amount of air a person can use during speech, walking, and coughing, calculated as TV + IRV + ERV. Speech requires 35-60% of vital capacity.
