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Unit 4 > Respiration Practical > Flashcards

Respiration Practical Flashcards

1
Q

How does pressure change with volume?

A

Increased volume causes increased area, less frequent collisions so decreased pressure.
Inversely proportional

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2
Q

How do you calculate pressure?

A

Force in newtons divided by area in m2

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3
Q

What is Boyles laws?

A

There is a simple inverse relationship between pressure and volume, volume doubles pressure halves.
P (fish symbol) 1/V or PxV=constant

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4
Q

What is compliance? Physics related

A

A measure of how much pressure is needed to cause a change in volume of a container.
Greater compliance needs less pressure to change the volume.
Is calculated by change in volume / change in pressure.
dV / dP.
Unit = C

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5
Q

What is meant by resting state resting to pressure in the lungs?

A

When pressure in the lungs is equal to pressure in the atmosphere.
Hence no air moves in or out.

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6
Q

What are the pressure changes in the lung during inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration presssure decreases
Expiration pressure increases

question change

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7
Q

What is spirometry?

A

A common pulmonary lung function test.
Uses a spirometer to measure airflow and changes in lung volume.

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8
Q

What is a spirogram?

A

A graph showing the results of spirometry, shows air flow and volume changes in the lungs.
Looks like a line graph (ecg like in appearance)

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9
Q

How are inspiration and expiration identified on a spirometer?

A

Inspiration = upward waveform deflection
Expiration = downward waveform deflection

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10
Q

What is a pneumatchometer?

A

A type of spirometer that measures flow rate to calculate volume.
Air is breathed through a fine mesh to create a pressure difference, pressure difference is proportional to flow rate.
Volume is considered the integral of flow.

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11
Q

How do you calculate volume as an integral of flow?

A

Volume = flow x change in time.

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12
Q

What is the function of a non rebreathing valve in a pneumotachometer?

A

Ensures all inspired all comes from ambient air, all expire air passes through the flow head for measurement.

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13
Q

What does the volume line show in a Spirogram?

A

Gradient of the volume line shows the rate of air flow
The amplitude of the volume line shows the volume of expired air.

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14
Q

Using a spirometer with a non rebreathing valve for exercise physiology measures the flow of air during …….

A

Expiration only

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15
Q

what is meant by tidal breathing?

A

When at rest we expire and inspire equal volumes of air, only using a small volume capacity of the lungs.

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16
Q

What is the normal breathing rate?
What is the normal respiratory volume?

A

10-12 cycles per minute
0.5 litres

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17
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum volume we could inspire into out lungs above the normal tidal volume, this is about 3 litres.

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18
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum volume we can expire from out lungs above tidal volume, this is about 1.5 litres.

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19
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after complete expiration, about 1.2 litres, we can never fully empty the lungs.

20
Q

What are lung capacities?

A

There are five different lung capacities.
These are groupings of different lung volumes.

21
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that could be breathed in after a normal expiration.
Is equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume.

22
Q

What is expiratory capacity?

A

The maxmimum volume of air that could be breathed out after a normal inhalation.
Is equal to tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume.

23
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration.
Is equal to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume.

24
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

This is all the air that can be expired from a maximal inspiration. It is calculated by IRV + VT + ERV.

25
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

This is all the air that it is possible for the lungs to contain. It is calculated by IRV + VT + ERV + RV.

26
Q

What is the average TLC Total lung Capacity in a healthy adult?

A

6.2 litres

27
Q

what are dynamic lung parameters?

A

Measures of lung capacity involving time

28
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that a person can expire after breathing in a maximum inspiration.

29
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second.
The maximum amount of air expired in one second after a maximum inspiration.

30
Q

How does FEV1 compare to the total volume that could be exhaled?

A

FEV1 is roughly 80% of the maximum volume of air that could be expired from a healthy young adult.

31
Q

what is FEV1/FVC ratio?
Why is this important clinically?

A

The ratio of FEV1 divided by FVC,
smaller the number means more likely an airway obstruction.
In healthy adults ratio is around 0.8 or 80%

32
Q

How does obstructive lung disease differ from a restrictive lung disease?

A

O = same total volume, more time to expire, same FVC smaller FEV1
R = same time to expire an equal volume but a small volume. Same FEV1 smaller FVC.

33
Q

What are some examples of dynamic lung parameters?

A

FVC
FEV1

34
Q

What are conchae or turbinates?

A

Curved shelves of bone found in the nasal cavity that inspired air flows over.
Contains ciliated respiratory epithelium that secretes mucus and fluid

35
Q

What are some consequences of swelling of the tonsils?

A

Interfere with breathing, swallowing and can lead to recurrent ear/sinus infections

36
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of cartilage located at the entrance of the larynx, open during breathing to allow air to enter the trachea, shuts during swallowing to allow food to enter the oesophagus.

37
Q

What is mucociliary clearance?

A

Cillia in the upper respiratory tract puff constantly and unidirectional to direct mucus into the pharynx where it can be swallowed or expelled by a cough.

38
Q

What are the factors affecting flow rate in the lungs?

A

Pressure gradient in the lungs - directly proportional.
Resistance to flow in the lungs.

39
Q

What is meant by turbulent flow in the respiratory tract?

A

Air flow is random and in many directions, particles collide numerously, air flow quickly loses speed and the pressure gradient decreases.
Air flow is more turbulent in the upper respiratory tract, air comes in more contact with its surroundings.
Higher resistance to flow

40
Q

What is meant by laminar flow in the respiratory tract?

A

Also called streamlined flow.
Very low resistance.
Unidirectional and organised air flow, with different layers of air all moving in the same direction.

41
Q

Draw a graph to represent the difference in turbulent and laminar air flow by pressure?

A
42
Q

What are the factors affecting resistance?

A

Contact between gas particles and other gas particles.
Contact between gas particles and the passage wall.
This is influenced by the dimensions of the airway
The gas density
The flow profile (laminar or turbulent)

43
Q

How do you calculate laminar flow?

A

pressure gradient / resistance

44
Q

How do you calculate resistance to air flow?

A

Pressure gradient / flow rate

45
Q

What is meant by the anatomical dead space in the lungs?

A

The proportion of the lungs that does not contribute to gas exchange.

46
Q

How does the movement of air vary between the conducting and the respiratory zone in the respiratory tract?

A

Conducting - bulk flow
Respiratory - diffusion.

47
Q

why is there less resistance in the alveoli compared to the bronchi?

A

Larger total surface area in the alveoli.
Alveoli are more lamina flow whilst bronchi are more turbulent.

Unit 4 (17 decks)

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