Respiration part one

Question 1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

Answer 1

A group of pulmonary diseases and syndromes with similar symptoms (Limited air intake due to partial or total obstruction of airways)

Question 2

C O P D (types)

Answer 2

Major pathological conditions:
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Bronchectasia
• Bronchial asthma

Question 3

Chronic bronchitis (symptoms)

Answer 3

Cough, sputum, dyspnoe, chronic irritation of respiratory
tract mucosa and morphological changes for 3 months in 2
years due to the prolonged irritation

Question 4

Chronic bronchitis (Causative factors)

Answer 4

a) cigarette smoking
b) air pollution
c) relapses of acute bronchitis

Question 5

Chronic bronchitis Pathogenesis mechanism

Answer 5

increased activity of enzymes released by immune cells

Question 6

Morphological features of chronic bronchitis

Answer 6

1. Respiratory bronchiolitis
2. Chronic inflammation in bronchial wall
3. Gradual destruction of bronchial and alveolar wall ( leads to emphysema)
4. Proliferation of submucosal glands in bronchial wall leads to mucus hypersecretion leads to mucus plugs in lumen
5. Fibrosis and scars
6. Areas of squamous metaplasia in bronchial epithelium (carcinoma)

Question 7

Bronchiectasis (definition)

Answer 7

Abnormal and irreversible dilation of bronchi and bronchioli

lumen due to destruction of muscular and elastic layers.

Question 8

Bronchiectasis (pathogenesis mechanism)

Answer 8

increased intraluminal pressure of bronchus and/or weakened bronchial wall.

Question 9

Bronchiectasis (microscopic features)

Answer 9

a) Columnar or squamous epithelium
b) Infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells
c) Destruction of hyaline cartilage
d) Fibrosis in bronchial wall

Question 10

Bronchectasis (complications)

Answer 10

a) Pulmonary abscess
b) Secondary amyloidosis
c) Secondary pulmonary hypertension
d) Chronic right-sided heart failure

Question 11

Pulmonary emphysema (definition)

Answer 11

Obstructive pulmonary pathology when amount of air
in alveolar lumen is significantly increasing and causing
destruction of alveolar wall.

A pathological condition, not a separate disease!
Common association with chronic bronchitis.

Question 12

Pathogenesis mechanism of pulmonary emphysema

Answer 12

Increased activity of proteases and/or decreased activity of

antiproteolytic enzymes.

Question 13

Complications in pulmonary emphysema

Answer 13

Complications:

1) Spontaneous pneumothorax
2) Secondary pulmonary hypertension
3) Chronic right-sided heart failure

Question 14

causes of death in pulmonary emphysema

Answer 14

1) Respiratory failure

2) Chronic right-sided heart failure

Question 15

Bronchial asthma (definition)

Answer 15

increased irratibility of bronchial tree –> Narrows airways (reversible spontaneous or after treatment)

Question 16

Bronchial asthma (Major clinical cathegories)

Answer 16

1. Atopic
2. Non – atopic
3. Medication – induced
4. Occupational

Question 17

Pathogenesis mechanism of atopic bronchial asthma

Answer 17

hypersensitivity type 1

Question 18

Morphological features of bronchial asthma

Answer 18

A. Goblet cell metaplasia
B. Thickened basement membrane
C. Infiltration of eosinophilic granulocytes
D. Smooth muscle hyperplasia

Question 19

Bronchopneumonia (Definition)

Answer 19

Endoinfectious process of lung parenchyma –> normal bacteria from upper respiratory tract invade bronchioli and alveoli.

Question 20

Pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia

Answer 20

• Complication of other pathological conditions!
• Imbalance between immune response and bacterial
microflora

Question 21

Bronchopneumonia may develop for patients with:

Answer 21

a) Chronic cardiac, renal diseases
b) Viral infections of upper respiratory tract
c) Brain infarction, coma
d) Neoplasms
e) Prolonged postsurgical period

Question 22

Bronchopneumonia (conditions that create a susceptible environment)

Answer 22

1) Damaged local mucosal defensive mechanisms of
bronchial wall
2) Impaired function of mucus removal
3) Decreased function of immune system’s response
4) Impaired circulation and respiratory function

Question 23

Complications of bronchopneumonia

Answer 23

a) Pulmonary abscessus
b) Pneumosclerosis
c) Bronchiectasia
d) Respiratory and/or cardiac failure