Respiration part one Flashcards
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
A group of pulmonary diseases and syndromes with similar symptoms (Limited air intake due to partial or total obstruction of airways)
C O P D (types)
Major pathological conditions: • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema • Bronchectasia • Bronchial asthma
Chronic bronchitis (symptoms)
Cough, sputum, dyspnoe, chronic irritation of respiratory
tract mucosa and morphological changes for 3 months in 2
years due to the prolonged irritation
Chronic bronchitis (Causative factors)
a) cigarette smoking
b) air pollution
c) relapses of acute bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis Pathogenesis mechanism
increased activity of enzymes released by immune cells
Morphological features of chronic bronchitis
- Respiratory bronchiolitis
- Chronic inflammation in bronchial wall
- Gradual destruction of bronchial and alveolar wall ( leads to emphysema)
- Proliferation of submucosal glands in bronchial wall leads to mucus hypersecretion leads to mucus plugs in lumen
- Fibrosis and scars
- Areas of squamous metaplasia in bronchial epithelium (carcinoma)
Bronchiectasis (definition)
Abnormal and irreversible dilation of bronchi and bronchioli
lumen due to destruction of muscular and elastic layers.
Bronchiectasis (pathogenesis mechanism)
increased intraluminal pressure of bronchus and/or weakened bronchial wall.
Bronchiectasis (microscopic features)
a) Columnar or squamous epithelium
b) Infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells
c) Destruction of hyaline cartilage
d) Fibrosis in bronchial wall
Bronchectasis (complications)
a) Pulmonary abscess
b) Secondary amyloidosis
c) Secondary pulmonary hypertension
d) Chronic right-sided heart failure
Pulmonary emphysema (definition)
Obstructive pulmonary pathology when amount of air
in alveolar lumen is significantly increasing and causing
destruction of alveolar wall.
A pathological condition, not a separate disease!
Common association with chronic bronchitis.
Pathogenesis mechanism of pulmonary emphysema
Increased activity of proteases and/or decreased activity of
antiproteolytic enzymes.
Complications in pulmonary emphysema
Complications:
1) Spontaneous pneumothorax
2) Secondary pulmonary hypertension
3) Chronic right-sided heart failure
causes of death in pulmonary emphysema
1) Respiratory failure
2) Chronic right-sided heart failure
Bronchial asthma (definition)
increased irratibility of bronchial tree –> Narrows airways (reversible spontaneous or after treatment)
Bronchial asthma (Major clinical cathegories)
- Atopic
- Non – atopic
- Medication – induced
- Occupational
Pathogenesis mechanism of atopic bronchial asthma
hypersensitivity type 1
Morphological features of bronchial asthma
A. Goblet cell metaplasia
B. Thickened basement membrane
C. Infiltration of eosinophilic granulocytes
D. Smooth muscle hyperplasia
Bronchopneumonia (Definition)
Endoinfectious process of lung parenchyma –> normal bacteria from upper respiratory tract invade bronchioli and alveoli.
Pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia
• Complication of other pathological conditions!
• Imbalance between immune response and bacterial
microflora
Bronchopneumonia may develop for patients with:
a) Chronic cardiac, renal diseases
b) Viral infections of upper respiratory tract
c) Brain infarction, coma
d) Neoplasms
e) Prolonged postsurgical period
Bronchopneumonia (conditions that create a susceptible environment)
1) Damaged local mucosal defensive mechanisms of
bronchial wall
2) Impaired function of mucus removal
3) Decreased function of immune system’s response
4) Impaired circulation and respiratory function
Complications of bronchopneumonia
a) Pulmonary abscessus
b) Pneumosclerosis
c) Bronchiectasia
d) Respiratory and/or cardiac failure
