repro

Question 1

Role of papilloma in cervix cancer, pathogenesis mechanism

Answer 1

1. HPV mainly affect the transformation zone
2. Pathogenesis: the columnar cells from the squamo-clumnar junction undergo squamous metaplasia during puberty.

Question 2

Prostate benign hyperplasia, macro, micro, complication

Answer 2

1. Macro:
   a. Big prostate,
   b. Nodule’s appearances
   c. Urethra is usually compressed into a narrow slit
2. Micro:
   a. Hyperplastic nodules: glandular and fibromuscular stroma.
   b. Hypertrophic glands have papillary infoldings.
   c. Hyperplastic glands are lined by:
   1. Inner Tall columnar epithelial cells
   2. Outer layer of flattened basal cells.
   d. Corpora amylacea
   e. Cytoplasm of the tumor cells - pale-clear.
   f. Morphologic changes are usually visible in one of the prostatic
   lobes
3. Complication:
   a. Compress on the urethra –> urinary discontinues, retention of urine, nocturia.
   b. Bladder irritation
   c. Bladder stones
   d. UTI
   e. Hydronephrosis

Question 3

Breast carcinoma local and general complications?

Answer 3

Local complications
i. Discharges from the nipple
ii. Bleeding

general complications
i. bone complication
ii. Cachexia.
iii. Hypercalcemia.
iv. Inflamed lung tissue.

Question 4

Classification of ovaries carcinoma according tissue origin:

Answer 4

Epithelial Origen: (coelomic)
i. Serous cystadenoma
ii. Mucinous cystadenoma
iii. Endometrial cystoma
iv. Brenner neoplasm

Germ cell
v. Teratoma: dermoid cyst, struma ovarii
vi. Choriocarcinoma
vii. Dysgerminoma

Sex cords:
viii. Thecoma from theca cells
ix. Granulosa cell neoplasia
x. Sertoli-Leydig cells

Question 5

Low grade intra cervical neoplasms?

Answer 5

i. Dysplastic changes in the lower third of the squamous epithelium.
ii. Koilocytosis in the surface layer
iii. Increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio at lower third of squamous epithelium

Question 6

carcinoma of the endometrium and it’s pathogenesis?

Answer 6

1. Endometrioid: perimenopausal association with estrogen excess and endometrial hyperplasia
2. Serous carcinoma: postmenopausal association with endometrial atrophy

Question 7

Cervix neoplasia: HPV relations, complications

Answer 7

a. HPV relations: infection
b. Complications:
xi. Carcinoma and STD, and wards

Question 8

immunohistochemical tests for breast cancer

Answer 8

a. ES and Progesteron positive the check if we have positive estrogen receptors
b. Her2/neu receptors (oncogene)
c. Regular lymphatic nodes biopsy

Question 9

Neoplasm(s) that is/are composed of two or more different origin tissues:

Answer 9

Malignant teratoma or fibroadenoma

Question 10

Neoplasm(s) composed of more than one neoplastic cell type derived from more
than one germ cell layer:

Answer 10

Teratomas:
a. Dermoid cyst.
b. Struma ovari (tyroid glands).

Question 11

Ovarian neoplasm(s) of germ cell origin?

Answer 11

a. Teratogenic
b. Dysgerminoma
c. Choriocarcinoma

Question 12

Patient was diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia this condition could have been caused by:

Answer 12

i. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
ii. Somatic obesity
iii. Prolonged administration of estrogenic steroids without counter balancing progestin.
iv. Failure of ovulation - such as is seen in perimenopause.

Question 13

What is the high-grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)morphologic features?

Answer 13

i. Increased mitotic rate in upper layer of squamous epithelium
ii. Increased nucleus/ cytoplasm ratio in all layers of squamous epithelium.

Question 14

What are the morphologic feature(s) typical for endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 14

a. Decreased amount of endometrial stroma
b. Increased amount of proliferating endometrial glands