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Fall '12- Anatomy Exam #2 > Respiration Lecture 9/28 > Flashcards

Respiration Lecture 9/28 Flashcards

1
Q

What is volume?

A

estimate of the amount of air each compartment can hold

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2
Q

What is capacity?

A

combinations of volumes that express physiological limits

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3
Q

Are volumes discrete?

A

yes

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4
Q

What does capacities represent?

A

functional combinations of volumes

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5
Q

What are the names of the 5 volumes?

A
  • Tidal Volume (TV)
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
  • Residual Volume (RV)
  • Dead Air
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6
Q

What is Tidal volume (TV)?

A
  • Resting breathing
  • air we breathe in
  • varies as a function of physical exertion, body size, and age
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7
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A
  • deep breathe
  • yawning
  • Volume that can be inhaled after tidal inspiration
  • In reserve for us beyond the volume you breathe in tidally
  • Breath in, stop breath some more
  • gasping
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8
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A
  • ERV is the amount of air that can be expired following passive tidal expiration
  • expire as much as you can
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9
Q

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

A
  • Volume remaining after maximum exhalation
  • 1.1 Liters remains in the lungs and CANNOT be expired
  • Volume exists because the lungs are stretched as a result of the expanded thorax
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10
Q

What is Dead Air Space?

A
  • Volume that cannot undergo has exchange in the lungs
  • Includes passageways such as the mouth, pharynx, and nose
  • associated with air that cannot be expelled
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11
Q

What are the 4 capacities?

A
  • Vital capacity
  • functional residual capacity
  • Total Lung capacity
  • inspiratory capacity
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12
Q

What does the vital capacity consist of?

A

TV + IRV+ERV

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13
Q

What does functional residual capacity consist of?

A

ERV+RV

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14
Q

What does total lung capacity consist of?

A

Sum all volumes (TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV+ Dead air)

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15
Q

What does inspiratory capacity consist of?

A

TV+ IRV

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16
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A
  • capacity available for speech

- total volume of air that can be inspired after maximal expiration

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17
Q

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A
  • volume of air remaining in the body after a passive exhalation
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18
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A
  • sum of all volumes
  • different from VC- which represents the volume of air that is involved in a maximal respiratory cycle, whereas TLC includes RV.
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19
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A
  • maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

- capacity of the lungs for inspiration

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20
Q

What are the five pressures for non-speech and speech functions?

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure
  2. Alveolar pressure
  3. Intrapleural pressure
  4. Subglottal pressure
  5. Intraoral (mouth) pressure
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21
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure surrounding the earth and exerts a sizable pressure on its surface

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22
Q

What is intraoral (mouth) pressure?

A

Pressure that could be measured in the mouth

23
Q

What is subglottal pressure?

A

Is the pressure below the vocal folds

24
Q

What is Alveolar pressure?

A

Pressure present within each individual alveolous

25
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A
  • pressure between parietal and visceral plurae
  • intraplueral pressure will be negative throughout respiration
  • If intrapleural pressure was equal to atmospheric pressure, the lungs would collapse.
26
Q

What is surfactant?

A
  • A surface active solution that is released into the alveoli and the result is greatly reduced surface tension.
    • this decrease in surface tension reduces the pressure of the alveoli, keeps the alveolar walls from collapsing, and keeps fluid from the capillaries from being drawn into the lungs
  • The surfactant protects the alveolus, promotes airflow, and facilitates effort-free respiration
27
Q

What is perfused?

A

During respiration, oxygen is perfused (poured into) into the bloodstream across the alveolar- capillary membrane barrier.

28
Q

When the thorax is expanded what will follow faithfully?

A

lungs

29
Q

How many alveoli are within the lungs

A

300 million

30
Q

At the alveolus, what diffuses (spread randomly) across the alveolus- capillary boundary?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

31
Q

Since intrapleural pressure remains negative, what are two important notions?

A
  • The lungs are in a state of continual expansion because the thorax is larger than the lungs that fill it
  • The lungs are never completely deflated under normal circumstances, because of the residual volume
32
Q

Which inspiration does the alveolar pressure drop until equalized with atmospheric pressure?

A

Tidal inspiration

33
Q

When does the pressure at the alveolar level become positive with reference to the atmosphere?

A

During Expiration

34
Q

What is one of the overcoming resistance within the lungs?

A

expanding the lungs

35
Q

During inspiration and expiration, what two pressures are of interest to us?

A
  • subglottal pressure- the pressure measured beneath the level of the vocal folds (glottis refers to the space between the vocal folds)
  • Intraoral pressure- above the vocal folds, the respiratory pressure measured within the oral cavity
36
Q

what pressures are the same when the vocal folds are open?

A
  • intraoral
  • subglottal
  • alveolar
37
Q

True or false:

The pressure beneath and above the vocal folds is directly related to what is happening in the lungs, as long as the vocal folds are open for air passage?

A

true

38
Q

What happens when we close our vocal folds for phonation (voice)?

A
  • an immediate increase in the subglottal air pressure as the lungs continue expiration.
  • we place a significant blockage in the flow of air through the upper respiratory pathway.
38
Q

What are the differences between the requirements for speech and nonspeech?

A

Respiration for speech requires, in addition maintenance of a relatively steady flow of air at a relatively steady presssure

When we close vocal folds for phonation (voicing), we place a significant blockage in the flow of air through the upper respiratory pathway

39
Q

What is the most efficient range of respiration in terms of energy outlay?

A

Maintain VC

this is indicated by the pressure that can be generated by the contraction of the muscles at those extremes.

40
Q

Loud speech requires great inspiration, using lung volumes upward of ??? of VC?

A

80%

41
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm and muscles of inspiration causes what?

A

the intrapleural pressure to decrease markedly, which in turn causes the lungs to expand

42
Q

When the lungs expand, alveolar pressure drops relative to what other pressure?

A

atmospheric pressure, causing air to enter the lungs

43
Q

what happens to our chest when we relax the muscles of inspiration permits the natural recoil of the lungs and cartilage? And what happens to the pressure?

A

It draws the chest back to its original position

When this happens, intrapleural pressure increases (but still stays negative) and alveolar pressure becomes positive relative atmospheric pressure and air leaves the lungs

44
Q

The process of inspiration is one of exerting force to overcome what?

A

gravity

45
Q

What does expiration capitalize on?

A

Elasticity and gravity to reclaim some of the energy expended during inspiration

46
Q

When muscles of inspiration contract, what happens?

A

they stretch tissue and distend the the abdomen.

47
Q

When the muscles of inspiration relax during expiration, what happens to the stretched tissues?

A

They tend to return to their original dimension due to their elastic nature and gravity works to depress the rib cage.

48
Q

True of false:

To breathe in, you have to move all of these muscles and bones, and as you relax, they return to their original positions.

A

True

49
Q

True or False:

The greater you distend or distort the material, the greater is the force required to hold it in that position and the greater is the force with which it returns to rest

A

True

50
Q

We speak only on expiration or inspiration?

A

Expiration

51
Q

What is checking action?

A

You check (impede) the flow of air out of your inflated lungs by means of the muscles that got it there in the first places- the muscles of inspiration.

52
Q

Why is checking action so important?

A

Checking action is extremely important for respiratory control of speech, because it directly addresses a person’ ability to restrain the flow of air

53
Q

What is the battery of the speech production mechanism?

A

Respiration. It also provides the energy source for our oral communication.

Fall '12- Anatomy Exam #2 (2 decks)

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