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Fall '12- Anatomy Exam #2 > Respiration Lecture 9/21 > Flashcards

Respiration Lecture 9/21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Greek term for respiration?

A

Inspiration/inspire

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2
Q

What do you have to do to slow down speech And inspiration?

A

Pullback gravity and recoil your thorax

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3
Q

Is oxygen a gas or a solid?

A

Gas

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4
Q

What is respiration?

A

Exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

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5
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Bring oxygen into cells of our bodies by breathing in

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6
Q

What is expiration?

A

Elimination of waste by breathing out

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7
Q

What is alveoli?

A

Minute air sacs

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8
Q

Is respiration muscular?

A

Yes.

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9
Q

What direction does your rib cage move when you are breathing in?

A

anteriorly and laterally

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10
Q

What is air pressure?

A

The force exerted on walls of a chamber by molecules of air

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11
Q

Do molecules tend to keep their distance from each other or stay close together during inspiration?

A

They tend to keep their distance

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12
Q

True or false:

If you close a chamber (nose, mouth, etc) And reduce volume size (lungs smaller than atmosphere). The forces between molecules doesn’t change but the force is manifested on the chamber walls

A

True

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13
Q

Is force a constant?

A

Yes. Decreasing in area results in an increase of pressure

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14
Q

What are you doing if you increase pressure by decreasing area?

A

Exhaling

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15
Q

Where does the respiratory system move through?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • aveoli
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16
Q

Where does the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?

A

Alveoli

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17
Q

What are Nares?

A

Opening to the nose

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18
Q

What does the nasal cavity consistent

A
  • Lined with cilia
  • Mucous membranes
  • Blood capillaries
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19
Q

What is air filtered by through the nose?

A

Cilia

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20
Q

What is air moistened by through the nose?

A

Mucous membranes

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21
Q

What is air warmed by through the nose?

A

Blood

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22
Q

What does air pass-through after passing through the nose?

A
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Alveoli
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23
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of tissue in front of the larynx That closes off the larynx when swallowing To prevent food from entering

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24
Q

What is the trachea?

A

It connects the larynx to the bronchial tree

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25
Q

What is another term for trachea?

A

Wind pipe

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26
Q

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

A

The Cartlidge rings

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27
Q

What type of tissue are lungs?

A

Spongy

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28
Q

What do lungs consist of?

A
  • Bronchial trees
  • Aveoli
  • blood capillaries
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29
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

-The bronchi carrying the air, subdivide into smaller branches

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30
Q

What is at the end of every bronchiole?

A

Alveolar sacs

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31
Q

What are the Alveolar sacs surrounded by?

A

Blood capillaries

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32
Q

Where does the gas exchange ( Oxygen and carbon dioxide) take place?

A

Alveoli cells

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33
Q

What is the process of Respiration?

A

Oxygen in the air moves from the alveoli to the capillaries. Then carbon dioxide moves from the Capillaries to the Alveoli and is exhaled.

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34
Q

What is the process of diffusion?

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood vessels to travel around the body.

Then carbon dioxide is removed from the blood vessels to the alveoli to be expired

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35
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

As the volume of a container increases, the air pressure within the container decreases

 - You inhale and lung pressure decreases.  More volume 
 - You exhale and lung pressure increases. There is less space
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36
Q

What is positive pressure?

A

Pressures greater than atmospheric pressure – molecules are closer together

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37
Q

What is negative pressure?

A

Pressures less than atmospheric pressure – molecules are farther apart then forces a dictate, pressure decreases

38
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

Inside the airtight thoracic cavity

39
Q

Can the volume in the thorax be increased or decreased?

A

Both

40
Q

How does the thorax communicate with the outside air?

A
  • Trachea
  • Larynx
  • pharynx
  • oral cavity
  • Nasal cavity
41
Q

How does respiration work?

A
  • An increase in volume of the thorax will result in a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to the atmosphere. Consequently, airbrushes into the lungs until the outside and inside pressures are equalized (i.e. inhalation)
  • a decrease in the volume of the thorax will result in positive pressure in the lungs, and provided the respiratory tract is open, air will rush out until once again outside pressure and inside pressure are the same (I.e. Expiration)
42
Q

Is respiration a passive process?

A

No

43
Q

What type of support do we need to breathe?

A

Skeletal support and muscles

44
Q

When does it air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs decrease?

A

Inhalation

45
Q

Why does it air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs reduce when you inhale?

A

Because gas flows from high-pressure to low, air from the environment flows through the nose or mouth into the lungs

46
Q

When does the air pressure in the lungs increase?

A

In exhalation

47
Q

Why does it air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs increase when you exhale?

A

Because air flows from the lungs and up and out of the respiratory system through the nose or mouth

48
Q

Describe air pressure in relation to inhalation.

A

1) Diaphragm contracts
2) External intercostals contract
3) thoracic cavity expands
4) Decreases the pressure in the pleural cavity
5) And because the air pressure is lower than the pulmonary cavity (lungs) This will cause the lungs to expand
6) Causing a reduction in pressure in the pulmonary cavity
7) That causes air to move from the atmosphere into the lungs

49
Q

Describe air pressure in relation to expiration.

A

1) Diaphragm relaxes
2) external intercostals relax
3) Diaphragm will then push against the thoracic cavity And increase the pressure in the pleural cavity
4) This will also increase the pressure in the pulmonary cavity
5) Causing air to leave

50
Q

Negative pressure relates to _____ Pressure in your lungs related to atmospheric pressure

A

Less

51
Q

Positive pressure relates to _____ Pressure in your lungs related to atmospheric pressure

A

More

52
Q

How many divisions of the vertebrae are there?

A

Five

53
Q

What are the spinal nerve names?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
54
Q

Vertebrae are not numbered the same as spinal nerves even though they have the same names. What are the numbers of the vertebrae?

A
  • Cervical: C1 – C7
  • thoracic: T1 – T 12
  • Lumbar: L1 – L5
  • Sacral: 4
  • coccygeal: Fused unit = 5
55
Q

What is the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Vertebral segments ride atop one another
  • It protects the spinal cord
  • Atlas (C1) : Uppermost cervical vertebrae
    • supports skull for rotation
  • Axis (C2).: skull pivots
  • C1 and C2 vertebral foraman is larger than the C3 through C7 to accommodate transition of brainstem to spinal cord
56
Q

What is the thoracic vertebrae?

A

-Provides a basis for respiratory framework
-Form the Posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the thorax
-Superior and inferior costal
facets

57
Q

What are between the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • Intervertebral foraman – product of the inferior and superior vertebral notches
  • Places where spinal nerves communicate with the spinal cord
58
Q

What is the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Large in comparison to cervical and thoracic vertebrae

- Provide direct and indirect attachment to a host of back and abdominal muscles

59
Q

What is the sacrum?

A
  • fused mass

- Sacral foramina provides a passage for sacral nerves

60
Q

What is a coccyx?

A

fused coccygeal vertebrae

61
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

It provides a strong structure for attaching the legs to the vertebral column

62
Q

What is the pelvic girdle composed of?

A
  • Ilium: wing like bone that provide support for the abdominal musculature
    • The iliac crest of the superior-lateral surface is the superior point of attachment for the lingual ligament which runs from the crest to the pubic synthesis
  • Sacrum
  • Pubic bone
  • ischium
63
Q

What does the pectoral girdle include?

A
  • Scapula: only skeletal attachment via the clavicle which in turn has its only attachment at the sternum
  • Clavicle (collarbone): Attached to superior sternum, running laterally to join the scapula
    • Provides anterior support for the shoulder
64
Q

This another word for shoulder blades?

A

Scapula

65
Q

How many pairs of ribs do we have in the thorax?

A

12

66
Q

Where are the ribs housed?

A

In the thorax

67
Q

What are the four components of the ribs?

A
  • Head: provides articulating surface with the spinal column
  • Neck: anterior to the head
  • shaft: the body
  • Angle: point at which the rib begins it’s curve
68
Q

What attaches to the opposite end (relation to the neck portion) of the Rib?

A

Costal cartridge

68
Q

Describe the characteristics of ribs.

A

-They provide attachment for numerous muscles that provides strength, rigidity, continuity, and mobility to the rib cage

69
Q

Describe the three classes of the ribs

A
  • True: upper ribs ( 1 – 7) attached to sternum via chondral.
  • False: (8,9,10) attached to sternum via chondral
  • Floating: (11 and 12) attached only to vertebral column
70
Q

What is costal Cartlidge?

A

Hyaline cartilage (Grizzle)

71
Q

What two bones that form the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and specula

72
Q

What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle?

A
  • Iliac
  • pubis
  • ischium
73
Q

Why do we have a rib cage?

A
  • Basis for respiration
  • Is strong
  • can twist
  • Protection of organs
  • Via vertebral attachments and the Chondral position of the sternum attachment, the rib cage can elevate, providing an increase in lung capacity for respiration
74
Q

What is the posterior attachment of the rib made through?

A
  • Gliding (arthrodial) articulation with the thoracic vertebrae
75
Q

What direction can the ribs move in?

A

Both lateral and anteriorly

76
Q

What is the sternum?

A
  • Has articular cavities for costal attachment
  • Manubrium Sterni (handle): provides attachment for the clavicle and first rib
    • Rip two attaches at the juncture of the manubrosternal angle
  • Corpus (body): provides attachment for five ribs via direct costal cartridge (chondral)
  • Xiphoid process (sword): fuses to the body around 17 years of age
77
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A
  • Manubrium (handle)
  • Corpus (body)
  • Xiphoid process (sword)
78
Q

What’s the posterior portion where your ribs connect?

A

Spine

79
Q

What is the upper portion of your airway?

A

Nose and mouth

80
Q

What are the lower portions of your airway?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

81
Q

What is it called at the point where the bronchus enters the lungs?

A

Hilum

82
Q

What is the iliac crest?

A

The iliac crest of the superior-lateral surface is the superior point of attachment for the lingual ligament which runs from the crest to the pubic synthesis

83
Q

How many generations of bronchial trees are in the left lung?

A

14

84
Q

How many generations of bronchial trees are in the right lung?

A

28

85
Q

How many hyaline cartilage rings are there on the trachea?

A

16 to 20

86
Q

Where does the trachea connect?

A

It runs from that inferior border of the larynx to the carina trachea to become the left and right bronchi

87
Q

What muscle is primary for inspiration?

A

The diaphragm

88
Q

What are the three portions of the diaphragm?

A
  • Sternal
  • Costal (rib)
  • Vertebral
89
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostal
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus anterior
  • Scalens
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Subclavius
  • levator scapulae
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis Minor
  • trapezius
90
Q

What are the muscles used in expiration?

A
  • External oblique
  • Innermost intercostals
  • Internal intercostal
  • Internal oblique
  • rectus abdominis
  • Serratus posterior inferior
  • Transverse abdominis

Fall '12- Anatomy Exam #2 (2 decks)

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