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Biology > Respiration Exam Ques > Flashcards

Respiration Exam Ques Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate from the hydrolysis of 2 x ATP
  • splitting of glucose phosphate into 2x 3 carbon triose phosphate
  • triose phosphate is oxidised to pyruvate ( Hydrogen is remove and transferred to NAD to form NADH)
    + 2 X atp are regenerated from adp
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2
Q

Why is glucose phosphorylated

A

To be made more reactive
The hydrolysis of atp provides energy to activate glucose and lowers the activation energy for enzyme controlled reactions

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3
Q

Link reaction

A
  • Pyruvate molecules are oxidised to acetate - loses one co2 and two H: the H atoms are accepted by NAD to form NADH which is used later to produce ATP
  • two carbon acetate combines with a molecule called co-enzyme A to produce acetyl co enzyme A
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4
Q

Krebs’ cycle

A
  • acetyl coenzyme A combines with a 4C molecule = 6C molecule ( coenzyme A recycled)
  • in a series of redox reactions , 6C molecules loses CO2 and hydrogen to form a 4C molecule and a single ATP
  • 4C molecule is able to combine with a new acetyl coenzyme a
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5
Q

How is ATP produced in the Krebs’ cycle

A

Product of SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION which is the creation of atp without atp synthase - a phosphate is added to adp from another molecule

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6
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • NADH + FADH from glycolysis and krebs’ cycle donate electrons of the h atoms to the first molecules in the ETC.
  • the electrons pass along a chain of electron transfer carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions
  • energy is released which causes active transport of protons across the membrane through atp synthase channels
  • for every proton, a molecule of ATP is synthesised
  • at the end of the chain the electrons combine with protons and oxygen to form water
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7
Q

Explain why oxygen is needed for the production of ATP on the Cristae of the mitochondrion

A

Oxygen accepts the electrons in the electron transport chain where atp is formed

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8
Q

Suggest the advantages of the change in blood flow in blood vessels during exercise (3 marks)

A
  • more blood flow to muscles during exercise
  • supplying more glucose and oxygen
  • for high rate of respiration
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9
Q 
Aerobic respiration produces more atp per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration.
Explain why (2 marks)
A

Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation that only occurs in aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration only glycolysis occurs

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10
Q

Suggest why having a large number of mitochondria with this unusual ultrastructure could lead to the neurone dying

A
  • fewer Cristae
  • so less oxidative phosphorylation
  • so not enough atp produced to keep neurones alive
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11
Q

For the first 10 minutes, the tap attached to the tube a was left open and the syringe from tube b was removed. Suggest three reasons why the apparatus was left for 10 minutes ( 3marks)

A
  • equilibrium reached
  • allow for pressure change
  • allow the respiration rate of the seeds to stabilise
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12
Q

Suggest and explain why the chosen temperature was 20C for this experiment (2marks)

A
  • optimum temperature for normal growth of seeds

- optimum temperature for enzymes involved in respirarion

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13
Q

During the experiment, the coloured liquid in the tubing moved towards tube b. Explain what caused this (3 marks)

A
  • oxygen taken up/ used by seeds
  • CO2 given out is absorbed by KOH
  • so pressure in B decreases
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14
Q

Mitochondrial disease often causes muscle weakness. Use your knowledge of respiration and muscle contraction to suggest explanations for this effect of MD ( 3 marks )

A
  • reduction in ATP production by aerobic respiration
  • less force generated because fewer actin and myosin interactions in muscle
  • fatigue caused by lactate from anaerobic respiration
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15
Q

If someone’s has MD, the concentration of lactate in their blood after exercise is usually much higher than normal. Suggest why ( 3 marks )

A
  • mitochondria not producing much ATP
  • with MD increased use of atp supplied by increase in anaerobic respiration
  • more lactate produced and leaves muscles by difusión
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16
Q

Describe how acetyl coenzyme a is formed in the link reaction ( 2 marks)

A
  • pyruvate is oxidised and de carboxylated

- addition of coenzyme a

17
Q

Describe the part played by the inner membrane of a mitochondria in producing atp ( 3marks )

A
  • electrons transferred down electron transport chain
  • provide energy to take protons into space between membranes
  • protons pass back through atpase
  • energy used to combine adp and phosphate to produce atp
18
Q

Why was the solution which the mitochondria were suspended isotonic ( 1mark)

A

Prevent damage to mitochondria caused by differences in water potential

19
Q

Explain why the scientist did not use glucose as the respiratory substrate ( 2 marks )

A

Glucose broken down during glycolysis in cytoplasm

Glucose cannot cross mitochondrial membrane

20
Q

explain why the oxygen concentration would change during this investigation ( 1mark)

A

Terminal acceptor in electron Transport chain and used to make water

21
Q

In which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle take place

A

Matrix

22
Q

Name two substances for which there would be net movement into the mitochondria

A

1) adp
2) pyruvate
3) reduced nad

23
Q

The mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae. Explain the advanced of this ( 2 marks)

A

Large SA for the electron transport chain which supplies atp for contraction

24
Q

In the link reaction pyruvate is converted to a substance with molecules effectively containing only two carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this process ( 2 marks )

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated ( carbon atom removed)
Then it is oxidised which forms reduced nad
And a molecule of coenzyme a is added to form acetyl coenzyme a

25
Q

The Krebs cycle, which takes place in the matrix releases hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions provide a source of energy for the synthesis of atp, using coenzymes and carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion .
Describe the role of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of atp (3 marks)

A

NAD/ FAD reduced
H+ ions transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme
Energy made available as electrons passed on
Energy used to synthesis atp from adp and phosphate

26
Q

At the end of a sprint race. A runner continues to breath rapidly for some time. Explain the advantage of this (2 marks )

A
  • lactate been produced

- oxygen used to break down lactate and covert it back to pyruvate

27
Q

When on mole of glucose is repaired anaerobically, only 2 moles of atp are produced. Explain why less energy is released in anaerobic respiration ( 1 mARK)

A

Glucose only partly broken down to lactate
No oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation
Which produces most of the atp

28
Q

Large areas of tropic forest are still found on some Caribbean islands. The conc of co2 in the air of these forests changes over a period of 24 hours and at different heights above grounds
Use your knowledge of photosynthesis and respiration to describe and explain how the concentration of co2 in the air changes

A
  • high conc of co2 from respiration in darkness since photosynthesis only occurs in light
  • in light more co2 is used than produced because more photosynthesis
  • decrease in co2 with height since at ground level there is less photosynthesis
29
Q

In muscles, pyruvate is converted to lactate during anaerobic respiration. Explain why connecting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued product Ed of atp during anaerobic respiration

A

Regenerate NAD to be used in glycolysis

30
Q

In muscles, some of the lactate is converted back to pyruvate when they are well supplied with oxygen. Suggest one advantage of this (1 mark)

A

Pyruvate used in aerobic respiration

31
Q

CREB is a protein synthesised in the cytoplasm of neurones. transport of CREB from the cytoplasm into the matrix of a mitochondrial requires two carrier proteins. use your knowledge of the structure of a mitochondrion to explain why the transport of CREB requires two carrier proteins

A

Mitochondria contains two membranes so for each membrane a different carrier protein is needed

32
Q

CREB lead to the formulation of a protein that removes electrons and protons from reduced NAD in the mitochondrion. Hungtingtons disease causes the death of neurones. People with HD produce a substance called hungtington. Some scientists have suggest that the binding of a hungtinton to CREB maybe lead to the death of neurones. Suggest how binding of hungtington to CREB may lead to the death of neurones ( 3 marks )

A

Binding to CREB prevents transcription
Binding of hungtington prevents production of protein that removes electrons from NAD
Fewer electrons reach the electron transport chain so fewer protons through the proton gradient
Not enough atp produced to keep cell alive

33
Q

Describe how atp is made in mitochondria ( 6 marks )

A

ATP produced in Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle and link reaction produce reduced coenzymes
Electrons are released from the reduced coenzymes and pass through the electron transport chain
Energy released
Energy provided for protons to diffuse into inter membrane space and back through atp synthase
Adp + pi

34
Q

Plants produce atp in their chloroplasts during photosynthesis. They also produce atp during respiration. Explain why it is important for plants to produce atp during respiration in addition to during photosynthesis ( 5 marks )

A

In the dark no atp production in photosynthesis
Some tissues unable to photosynthesise
ATP cannot be moved from cell to cell
Plants uses more atp than produced in photosynthesis
ATP for active transport

Biology (17 decks)

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