respiration chapter biology

Question 1

Adaptations lungs in gaseous exchange

Answer 1

-has vast number og alveoli come into very close association with extensive capplilary system
-what is the ttsa of capilary network in lungs
-where has exchange occur
-adaptations of the alveoli explained
-surface area
-perbeality
-the texture
-dense cn
-the mechnism

Question 2

explain the bohr effect

Answer 2

-it is caused by active tissue by carryng out fast cellular respiration
-low or high conc are produced
-co2 reats with what to form catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
-carbonic acid dissociates to form what
-where bicarbonate diffuse out
-what does H+ does
-what happens to affinity of haemoglobin towards oxyhaemoglobin
- oxyhaemoglobin dissociate to to form o2 and hb
-o2 is released to active cell for cellular resp
-o2 dissociation curve will shift to the right and known as bohr effect

Question 3

how co2 gas from active cells is transported from active cell is transported to lungs

Question 4

explain mechanism of breathing process

Answer 4

-during inhalation,what happen to outer intercostal and inner intercostal muscle
-does ribcage move upwards or downwards
-is diaphragm contracts or relax tobecome horizontal or curve
-what happens to the volume of thoracic cavity
-what happens to pressure of thoracic cavity than the atm pressure
-this cause the air to push out/in the lungs

Question 5

explain the regulation of breathing mechanism

Answer 5

P1- Breathing cycle is controlled by the breathing control centre, located in medulla oblongata

P2. Breathing centre, consist of inspiratory centre, and expiratory centre.
P3. Inspiratory centre, sends impulses to outer intercostal muscles (via intercostal nerves) and diaphragm (via phrenic nerves) bringing about
contraction while the inner intercostal muscle relaxes.

P4- An increase in thoracic cavity volume, bringing about inspiration.

P5- Alveolus & bronchioles expands during inspiration, stimulating the stretch receptors within the walls of alveoli and bronchioles to send impulses to the expiratory centre

P6- Expiratory centre, sends inhibitory impulses to inspiratory centre

P7- Inspiratory centre, then stops sending impulses to diaphragm and outer intercostal muscles causing them to relax.

P8- Decrease in thoracic cavity volume resulting in expiration.

P9- When volume in alveolus and bronchioles are reduced, the stretch receptors are no longer stimulated to fire inhibitory impulses to the expiratory centre

P10-Inspiratory centre, once again sends impulse to diaphragm and outer intercostal muscles

P11-bringing about contraction and inspiration.

Question 6

describe the structure of haemoglobin

Answer 6

-what protein is it
-what it consist
-one polypeptide is linked with one haem group
-what haem group consist of
-each iron can attach with o2 to form?
-how many oxygen can bind with each haemoglobin
-the porphyrin ring shows strong coperativity on oxygen binding with haemoglobin
-haemoglobin has a high affinity to 0

Question 7

breathing control mechanism of a football player

Answer 7

-During the match, the rate of cellular respiration (in muscles) increases.
-this is detected by peripheral chemoreceptor
-more co2 is diffuse into cerebrospinal fluid
-central chemoreceptor detects
-impulse is send to the inspiratory centre in mo
-faster impulses is sent to intercostal muscle via intercostal nerve and to diaphragm via phrenic nerve.
-causing them both to contract faster
-he volume of thoracic cavity increases causes more oxygen enters the lungs via inhalation
- Stretch receptors in the lungs detect stretching
-impulse is sent to the expiratory centre
-CO, is released via exhalation.