Respiration/Atp Flashcards
ATP
We make a lot of ATP
Used for various things such as active transport, metabolic processes, movement etc.
only released in small amounts of energy at a time and is unstable.
ADP+Pi = ATP
ATP is useful because:
It releases energy in small, suitable amounts
It is broken down in one step
It makes energy available rapidly
It makes phosphorylated substances more reactive/ lowers the activation energy
It can be reformed and made again
Oxidation
Lose electrons
Lose hydrogen
Gain oxygen
Reduction
Gain electrons
Gain hydrogen
Lose oxygen
ATP equation
ADP+Pi -> ATP
Write this any time ATP is released
Plants must make ATP in respiration as well as photosynthesis because:
In the dark there is no ATP production in photosynthesis
Therefore some tissues are unable to photosynthesise and produce ATP
So ATP cannot be moved from cell to cell or stored
The plant uses more ATP than produced in photosynthesis
ATP for active transport
ATP for synthesis (give example)
1) Glycolysis
This takes place in the cytoplasm
Pi is added to the 6C glucose (phosphorylated). Pi added with ADP to make ATP which is needed
The glucose splits into 2x 3C Triose Phosphate (TP)
The TP is oxidised which gives the hydrogen to NAD, making NADH
The TP’s are made into pyruvate which release ATP
Makes ATP, NADPH and pyruvate
Products of glycolysis
ATP, NADPH, pyruvate
2) Link reaction
Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
The pyruvate is oxidised to give hydrogen to the NAD
The pyruvate loses carbon dioxide to become a 2C acetyl group
The 2C acetate joins with the co-enzyme A to become acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
Makes CO2, NADH, acetyl coenzyme A
Products of the link reaction
CO2, NADH, acetyl coenzyme A
3) Krebs cycle
Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
2C acetyl coenzyme A joins with 4C molecule
NAD and FAD are reduced
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs
It makes ATP, NADH, FADH, CO2, (4C) molecule is recycled
Other respiratory substances include the breakdown products of lipids and amino acids, which enter the Krebs cycle
4) Electron transport chain
Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
NADH and FADH release their hydrogen.
This splits into protons and electrons
Electrons move along carriers in the electron transport chain, using oxidation-reduction reactions which releases energy.
Protein channels use this energy to actively transport H ions into inter membrane space. These then diffuse back down concentration gradient through ATP synthase into the matrix and release ATP (combine ATP and Pi). Oxidative phosphorylation.
