Respiration And Gas Exchange

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

A chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms

Question 2

What happens during respiration?

Answer 2

Energy is released from glucose either in presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration)

Question 3

What does respiration result in?

Answer 3

The production of carbon dioxide and water as waste products

Question 4

What form is energy transferred as during respiration?

Answer 4

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 5

Where is ATP produced?

Answer 5

It is produced in respiration in the mitochondria

Question 6

What is ATP required for?

Answer 6

It is required for living processes to occur within cells and organisms as it provides energy

Question 7

What are the characteristics for aerobic respiration?

Answer 7

Requires oxygen, break down glucose completely, produced carbon dioxide and water, releases lots of energy

Question 8

What are the characteristics of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

Doesn’t require energy, incomplete glucose breakdown, produces lactic acid in animal cells and carbon dioxide and ethanol in yeast, releases a little bit of energy

Question 9

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 9

The chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

Question 10

What does aerobic respiration do?

Answer 10

Completely break down glucose to release a relatively large amount of energy for use in cell processes and reactions

Question 11

What is produced in aerobic respiration?

Answer 11

Carbon dioxide and water as water products as well as releasing useful cellular energy

Question 12

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 12

Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

Question 13

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 13

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Question 14

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 14

The chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

Question 15

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 15

An incomplete breakdown of glucose and so it releases a relatively small amount of energy for use in cell processes

Question 16

What is the product of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 16

Different breakdown products are formed depending on the type of organism that the anaerobic respiration is taking place in

Question 17

When does anaerobic respiration usually take place in animals and why?

Answer 17

During vigorous Excersise because when we Excersise at high intensities, the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply and the muscles still have a high demand for energy

Question 18

Explain the process of anaerobic respiration in animals

Answer 18

When oxygen runs out, glucose is broken down without it, producing lactic acid instead. Glucose has not been fully broken down meaning there is still energy stored within the bonds of lactic acid molecules

Question 19

Which form of respiration releases more energy?

Answer 19

Aerobic

Question 20

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 20

Glucose —-> lactic acid

Question 21

What is the symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 21

C6H12O6 —> 2 C3H6O3

Question 22

What happens in anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

Answer 22

Glucose is incompletely broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

Question 23

What are the lungs?

Answer 23

The gas exchange surface in humans

Question 24

What features do all gas exchange surfaces have to allow the maximum amount of gases to be exchanged across the surface in the smallest amount of time ?

Answer 24

Large surface area, thin walls, good ventilation with air, good blood supply

Question 25

Why do gas exchange surfaces have a large surface area?

Answer 25

To allow faster diffusion of gases across the surface

Question 26

Why do gas exchange surfaces have thin walls?

Answer 26

To ensure diffusion distances remain short

Question 27

Why do gas exchange surfaces have good ventilation with air?

Answer 27

So that diffusion gradients can be maintained

Question 28

Why do gas exchange surfaces have good blood supply?

Answer 28

To maintain a high concentration gradient so that diffusion occurs faster

Question 29

Ribs

Answer 29

Bone structure that protects internal organs such as the lungs

Question 30

Intercostal muscles

Answer 30

Muscles between the ribs which control their movement causing inhalation and exhalation

Question 31

Diaphragm

Answer 31

Sheet of connective tissue and muscle at the bottom of the thorax to allow inhalation and exhalation

Question 32

Trachea

Answer 32

Windpipe that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs

Question 33

Bronchi

Answer 33

Large tubes branching off the trachea with one bronchus for each lung

Question 34

Bronchioles

Answer 34

Bronchi split to form smaller tubes in the lungs connected to the alveoli

Question 35

Alveoli

Answer 35

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange take place

Question 36

Pleural membranes

Answer 36

The airtight membranes covering the lungs and the chest wall

Question 37

What do muscles do on bones?

Answer 37

Pull on them, NOT push on them

Question 38

How many sets of intercostal muscles are there?

Answer 38

2- they work antagonistically to facilitate breathing

Question 39

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

Answer 39

Pull the rib cage up

Question 40

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

Answer 40

Pull the rib cage down

Question 41

What does the diaphragm separate?

Answer 41

The thorax from the abdomen

Question 42

What does the diaphragm do during inhalation?

Answer 42

contracts and flattens

Question 43

What do the external set of intercostal muscles do during inhalation?

Answer 43

Contract to pull the ribs up and out

Question 44

What does the contraction of intercostal muscles during inhalation do?

Answer 44

Increases the volume of the chest cavity (thorax)

Question 45

What does the increase in the volume of the chest cavity during inhalation lead to?

Answer 45

Decrease in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body

Question 46

What happens to air during inhalation?

Answer 46

Air is drawn in

Question 47

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

Answer 47

It relaxes as it moves upwards back into its domed shape

Question 48

What happens to the external set of intercostal muscles during exhalation?

Answer 48

They relax so the ribs drop down and in

Question 49

What does the relaxation on the external set of intercostal muscles do?

Answer 49

Decreases the volume of the chest cavity (thorax)

Question 50

What does the decrease in volume of the chest cavity lead to?

Answer 50

An increase in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body

Question 51

What happens to air during exhalation

Answer 51

Air is forced out

Question 52

What do the internal and external intercostal muscles do during forced exhalation

Answer 52

They work as antagonistic pairs

Question 53

What does working antagonistically mean?

Answer 53

They work in different directions to each other

Question 54

When do we need to increase the rate of gas exchange?

Answer 54

During strenuous activity

Question 55

What do the intercostal muscles do during forced exhalation?

Answer 55

They will work by pulling the ribs down and in to decrease the volume of the thorax more, forcing air out more forcefully and quickly

Question 56

What is there a greater need to get rid of in the body during strenuous exercise?

Answer 56

Increased levels of carbon dioxide produced

Question 57

Why does carbon dioxide need to get ridden of during strenuous activity?

Answer 57

This allows a greater volume of gases to be exchanged

Question 58

What is the alveoli specialised or?

Answer 58

Gas exchange

Question 59

Why does the alveoli have a large surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 59

Because there are many rounded alveolar sacs

Question 60

Why do the alveoli and the capillaries around them have thin single layers of cells

Answer 60

To minimise diffusion distance

Question 61

What levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide does ventilation maintain in the alveolar air space?

Answer 61

High levels of oxygen, low levels of carbon dioxide

Question 62

Why does the alveoli have good blood supply?

Answer 62

Ensures constant supply of blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen

Question 63

Why is there a layer of moisture on the surface of the alveoli?

Answer 63

To help with diffusion as gases dissolve

Question 64

What does smoking cause?

Answer 64

Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), coronary heart disease, increased risks of several types of cancer, including lung cancer

Question 65

What chemicals are in cigarettes?

Answer 65

Tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide

Question 66

What does Excersise do to the frequency of breathing and why?

Answer 66

Increase it in order to provide more oxygen for respiration and to pay off any subsequent oxygen debt