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biology > Respiration And Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Respiration And Gas Exchange Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms

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2
Q

What happens during respiration?

A

Energy is released from glucose either in presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration)

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3
Q

What does respiration result in?

A

The production of carbon dioxide and water as waste products

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4
Q

What form is energy transferred as during respiration?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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5
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

It is produced in respiration in the mitochondria

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6
Q

What is ATP required for?

A

It is required for living processes to occur within cells and organisms as it provides energy

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7
Q

What are the characteristics for aerobic respiration?

A

Requires oxygen, break down glucose completely, produced carbon dioxide and water, releases lots of energy

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of anaerobic respiration?

A

Doesn’t require energy, incomplete glucose breakdown, produces lactic acid in animal cells and carbon dioxide and ethanol in yeast, releases a little bit of energy

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9
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

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10
Q

What does aerobic respiration do?

A

Completely break down glucose to release a relatively large amount of energy for use in cell processes and reactions

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11
Q

What is produced in aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water as water products as well as releasing useful cellular energy

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12
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

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13
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

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15
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

A

An incomplete breakdown of glucose and so it releases a relatively small amount of energy for use in cell processes

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16
Q

What is the product of anaerobic respiration?

A

Different breakdown products are formed depending on the type of organism that the anaerobic respiration is taking place in

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17
Q

When does anaerobic respiration usually take place in animals and why?

A

During vigorous Excersise because when we Excersise at high intensities, the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply and the muscles still have a high demand for energy

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18
Q

Explain the process of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

When oxygen runs out, glucose is broken down without it, producing lactic acid instead. Glucose has not been fully broken down meaning there is still energy stored within the bonds of lactic acid molecules

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19
Q

Which form of respiration releases more energy?

A

Aerobic

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20
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose —-> lactic acid

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21
Q

What is the symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

C6H12O6 —> 2 C3H6O3

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22
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

A

Glucose is incompletely broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

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23
Q

What are the lungs?

A

The gas exchange surface in humans

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24
Q

What features do all gas exchange surfaces have to allow the maximum amount of gases to be exchanged across the surface in the smallest amount of time ?

A

Large surface area, thin walls, good ventilation with air, good blood supply

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25
Q

Why do gas exchange surfaces have a large surface area?

A

To allow faster diffusion of gases across the surface

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26
Q

Why do gas exchange surfaces have thin walls?

A

To ensure diffusion distances remain short

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27
Q

Why do gas exchange surfaces have good ventilation with air?

A

So that diffusion gradients can be maintained

28
Q

Why do gas exchange surfaces have good blood supply?

A

To maintain a high concentration gradient so that diffusion occurs faster

29
Q

Ribs

A

Bone structure that protects internal organs such as the lungs

30
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles between the ribs which control their movement causing inhalation and exhalation

31
Q

Diaphragm

A

Sheet of connective tissue and muscle at the bottom of the thorax to allow inhalation and exhalation

32
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs

33
Q

Bronchi

A

Large tubes branching off the trachea with one bronchus for each lung

34
Q

Bronchioles

A

Bronchi split to form smaller tubes in the lungs connected to the alveoli

35
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange take place

36
Q

Pleural membranes

A

The airtight membranes covering the lungs and the chest wall

37
Q

What do muscles do on bones?

A

Pull on them, NOT push on them

38
Q

How many sets of intercostal muscles are there?

A

2- they work antagonistically to facilitate breathing

39
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

A

Pull the rib cage up

40
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

A

Pull the rib cage down

41
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

The thorax from the abdomen

42
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inhalation?

A

contracts and flattens

43
Q

What do the external set of intercostal muscles do during inhalation?

A

Contract to pull the ribs up and out

44
Q

What does the contraction of intercostal muscles during inhalation do?

A

Increases the volume of the chest cavity (thorax)

45
Q

What does the increase in the volume of the chest cavity during inhalation lead to?

A

Decrease in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body

46
Q

What happens to air during inhalation?

A

Air is drawn in

47
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

A

It relaxes as it moves upwards back into its domed shape

48
Q

What happens to the external set of intercostal muscles during exhalation?

A

They relax so the ribs drop down and in

49
Q

What does the relaxation on the external set of intercostal muscles do?

A

Decreases the volume of the chest cavity (thorax)

50
Q

What does the decrease in volume of the chest cavity lead to?

A

An increase in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body

51
Q

What happens to air during exhalation

A

Air is forced out

52
Q

What do the internal and external intercostal muscles do during forced exhalation

A

They work as antagonistic pairs

53
Q

What does working antagonistically mean?

A

They work in different directions to each other

54
Q

When do we need to increase the rate of gas exchange?

A

During strenuous activity

55
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do during forced exhalation?

A

They will work by pulling the ribs down and in to decrease the volume of the thorax more, forcing air out more forcefully and quickly

56
Q

What is there a greater need to get rid of in the body during strenuous exercise?

A

Increased levels of carbon dioxide produced

57
Q

Why does carbon dioxide need to get ridden of during strenuous activity?

A

This allows a greater volume of gases to be exchanged

58
Q

What is the alveoli specialised or?

A

Gas exchange

59
Q

Why does the alveoli have a large surface area to volume ratio?

A

Because there are many rounded alveolar sacs

60
Q

Why do the alveoli and the capillaries around them have thin single layers of cells

A

To minimise diffusion distance

61
Q

What levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide does ventilation maintain in the alveolar air space?

A

High levels of oxygen, low levels of carbon dioxide

62
Q

Why does the alveoli have good blood supply?

A

Ensures constant supply of blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen

63
Q

Why is there a layer of moisture on the surface of the alveoli?

A

To help with diffusion as gases dissolve

64
Q

What does smoking cause?

A

Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), coronary heart disease, increased risks of several types of cancer, including lung cancer

65
Q

What chemicals are in cigarettes?

A

Tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide

66
Q

What does Excersise do to the frequency of breathing and why?

A

Increase it in order to provide more oxygen for respiration and to pay off any subsequent oxygen debt

biology (5 decks)

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