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Biology > respiration and gas exchange > Flashcards

respiration and gas exchange Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is respiration

A

the process of transferring energy from glucose which happens constantly in every living cell

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2
Q

what is the energy transferred by reparation used to make

A

ATP, stores the energy needed for cell process

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3
Q

aerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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4
Q

aerobic respiration symbol equation

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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5
Q

when does aerobic respiration occur

A

when there is plenty of oxygen

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6
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose –> lactic acid

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7
Q

when does anaerobic respiration occur

A

when your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles

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8
Q

how efficient is anaerobic respiration

A

releases much less energy than aerobic, glucose is only partially broken down

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9
Q

what is the problem with lactic acid

A

builds up in the muscles, gets painful and leads to cramps

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10
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants equation

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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11
Q

what indicator is used to show that organisms produce CO2 as they respire

A

hydrogen-carbonate indicator

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12
Q

hydrogen-carbonate indicator colour change

A

orange –> yellow in CO2

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13
Q

how do plants exchange gases

A

diffusion

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14
Q

what is diffusion

A

the random movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

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15
Q

what does the net exchange of gases depend on

A

light intensity

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16
Q

what happens to gas exchange in plants at night/low light intensity

A

plants only respire, there is not enough light for photosynthesis

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17
Q

why are leaves broad

A

large surface area for diffusion

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18
Q

why are leaves thin

A

gases only have to travel a short distance to reach the cells

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19
Q

why are there air spaces in the leaves

A

lets gases like CO2 and O2 move easily between cells, increases surface area also

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the stomata

A

little holes to let gases diffuse in and out, also allow transpiration to occur

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21
Q

what happens to the stomata as it gets dark

A

it closes, they don’t need to be open to let in CO2 as they can’t photosynthesise

22
Q

what happens to the stomata when supplies of water from the roots starts to dry up

A

it closes, stops plant from photosynthesising but if they didn’t close the plant may dry up and die

23
Q

what is the movement of stomata controlled by

A

the guard cells, they change their shape and volume

24
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by

A

pleural membrane

25
Q

what muscles run between the ribs

A

intercostal muscles

26
Q

what does the trachea split into

A

2 tubes called bronchi

27
Q

what do the bronchi split into

A

bronchioles

28
Q

where does the gas exchange occur in the lungs

A

alveoli

28
Q

where does the gas exchange occur in the lungs

A

alveoli

29
Q

what happens to the intercostal muscles when you inhale

A

contract

30
Q

what happens to the diaphragm when you inhale

A

contract

31
Q

what happens to the thorax volume when you inhale

A

increases

32
Q

why is air drawn in when you inhale

A

the pressure inside the thorax decreases, lower than the pressure out side, forcing air into the lung

33
Q

what happens to the intercostal muscles when you exhale

A

relax

34
Q

what happens to the diaphragm when you exhale

A

relax

35
Q

what happens to the thorax volume when you exhale

A

decreases

36
Q

why is air forced out when you exhale

A

the pressure in the thorax is greater than outside, so air is forced out

37
Q

what do you use to investigate the release of carbon dioxide in your breath

A

limewater clear –> cloudy

38
Q

where does blood passing the alveoli come from

A

the rest of the body, deoxygenated

39
Q

what happens when deoxygenated blood passes by the alveoli

A

oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood, CO2 diffuses out go the blood and into the alveoli

40
Q

what happens when the newly oxygenated blood reaches body cells

A

oxygen is released from red blood cells and diffuses into the body cells, CO2 diffuses out of the body cells into the blood where its carried back to the lungs

41
Q

why are there so many alveoli

A

the number gives the lungs a huge surface area

42
Q

why do the alveoli have a moist lining

A

for gases to dissolve in

43
Q

why do alveoli have very thin walls

A

wall are one cell thick, so the gases don’t have far to diffuse

44
Q

why do the alveoli have a good blood supply

A

to maintain a high concentration gradient

45
Q

why are the alveoli walls permeable

A

so gases can diffuse across easily

46
Q

how does smoking damage the lungs

A

damages walls inside alveoli reducing the surface area for gas exchange

47
Q

what is the effects of tar in cigarettes

A

damages the cilia in lungs and trachea, when they are damaged they catch less dust and bacteria leading to chest infection

48
Q

what is the effect of carbon monoxide in cigarettes

A

reduces the amount go oxygen red blood cells carry, leading to an increase in blood pressure, leading to coronary heart disease

49
Q

what is the effect of carcinogens in cigarettes

A

chemicals that lead to cancer

Biology (9 decks)

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