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blood and organs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

main components of blood

A

plasma
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells

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2
Q

what is plasma

A

liquid which carries everything that needs transporting around your body

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3
Q

what six things does plasma carry

A

blood cells
digested food products
carbon dioxide
urea
hormones
heat energy

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4
Q

what are platelets

A

platelets clot the blood in a wound, held together by a mesh of fibrin

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5
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to all cells

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6
Q

what adaptations do the red blood cells have

A

biconcave cell
no nucleus
contain haemoglobin
thin membrane

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7
Q

how does haemoglobin aid red blood cells

A

in the lungs haemoglobin reacts with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin, in body tissue the reverse happens to release oxygen into the cells

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8
Q

how do pathogens cause disease

A

once entered the body they reproduce rapidly

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9
Q

2 types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes
lymphocytes

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10
Q

how do phagocytes kill pathogens

A

engulf and digest pathogens
they are non-specific so they attack anything foreign

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11
Q

how do lymphocytes kill pathogens

A

lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodies, they lock onto the pathogen and mark them for destruction

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12
Q

what are memory cells

A

produced in response to a foreign antigen, remain in the body and remember a specific antigen, building immunity

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13
Q

how do vaccines protect from future infection

A

injects dead pathogens into the body, carrying antigens, these trigger an antibody attack from lymphocytes. the memory cells ensure that if they appear again, the antibodies will kill them

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14
Q

3 different types of blood vessels

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

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15
Q

what is the function of arteries

A

carry the blood away from the heart

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16
Q

what is the function of capillaries

A

involved in exchange of materials at the tissue

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17
Q

what is the function of veins

A

carry blood to the heart

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18
Q

why are artery walls strong and elastic

A

heart pumps blood at high pressure

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19
Q

features of arteries

A

thick, strong elastic walls with elastic fibres allowing the arteries to expand

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20
Q

features of capillaries

A

walls only one cell thick
permeable walls
microscopic

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21
Q

why are capillary walls permeable

A

so that substances can diffuse in and out such as food, oxygen and CO2

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22
Q

why are the walls only one cell thick

A

increases rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs

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23
Q

features of veins

A

thinner walls than arteries
bigger lumen
valves

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24
Q

why do veins have thinner walls than arteries

A

blood is at lower pressure

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25
Q

why do veins have a bigger lumen

A

helps the blood flow

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26
Q

why do veins have valves

A

to keep the blood flowing in the right direction

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27
Q

what occurs in the right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava

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28
Q

what occurs in the right ventricle

A

pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

29
Q

what occurs in the left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood fro, the lungs through the pulmonary vein

30
Q

what occurs in the left ventricle

A

pumps oxygenated blood around the whole body via the aorta

31
Q

what is the difference between the left ventricle and right ventricle

A

the left has a much thicker wall than the right as it requires more muscle to pump the blood all the way around the body

32
Q

which vein carries blood to the right atrium

A

vena cava

33
Q

which artery carries blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

34
Q

which vein carries blood into the left atrium

A

pulmonary vein

35
Q

which artery carries blood to the whole body

A

aorta

36
Q

what is the valve between the right atrium and ventricle called

A

tricuspid valve

37
Q

what is the valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary vein called

A

semi-lunar valave

38
Q

what is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle called

A

bicuspid valve

39
Q

what is the vein between the left ventricle and aorta called

A

semi-lunar valve

40
Q

why does heart rate increase with exercise

A

when you exercise your muscles need more energy so you respire more

41
Q

how does your heart rate increase with exercise

A

increased amount of CO2 in the blood detected by receptors in aorta and carotid artery. these send signals to the brain’s which sends a signal to the heart causing it to contact more frequently and with more force

42
Q

how does the hormonal system control heart rate

A

adrenal glands release adrenaline. adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart causing the muscle to contract more frequently and with more force

43
Q

what does pulmonary mean

A

lungs

44
Q

what does hepatic mean

A

liver

45
Q

what does renal mean

A

kidneys

46
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when the coronary arteries that supple the blood to the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material build up

47
Q

what does coronary heart disease lead to

A

heart attack, the arteries become narrow restricting the blood flow to the heart

48
Q

3 risk factors for coronary heart disease

A

diet high in saturated fats
smoking
inactivity

49
Q

why does a diet high in saturated fats lead to heart disease

A

fatty deposit aside the arteries

50
Q

why is smoking a risk factor for heart disease

A

increases blood pressure, causing damage to the inside of arteries.
chemicals in cigarettes increase the likelihood of fatty deposit forming

51
Q

why does inactivity lead to heart disease

A

leads to high blood pressure, damaging the lining of the arteries

52
Q

what 3 main roles do the kidneys have

A

removal of urea from the blood
adjustment of ion levels
adjustment of water content

53
Q

how do the kidneys carry out their functions (basic)

A

filtering things out of the blood under high pressure then reabsorbing the useful things

54
Q

what occurs in nephrons

A

ultrafiltration
reabsorption

55
Q

how does ultrafiltration occur

A
  • blood from the renal artery flows through the glomerulus
  • a high pressure squeezes water, urea, ions and glucose out of the blood and into the bowman’s capsule
56
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a bundle of capillaries at the start of the nephron

57
Q

why are proteins not filtered out of the blood during ultrafiltration

A

the membrane between glomerulus and bowman’s capsule are partially permeable, meaning that big molecules stay in the blood

58
Q

what is reabsorption

A

useful substances are selectively reabsorbed back into the blood

59
Q

how does reabsorption occur

A
  • all the glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule to be used in respiration, uses active transport
  • sufficient ions are reabsorbed
  • sufficient water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the bloodstream by osmosis
60
Q

where is glucose reabsorbed

A

proximal convoluted tubule

61
Q

where is water reabsorbed

A

the collecting duct by osmosis

62
Q

what is the regulation of water called

A

osmoregulation

63
Q

what 3 ways is water lost from the body

A

urine sweat breathing

64
Q

how does osmoregulation occur in the kidneys

A

the kidneys reabsorb more water if the person is dehydrated

65
Q

what hormone controls water reabsorption

A

anti diuretic hormone

66
Q

how does ADH control water reabsorption

A

makes the collecting ducts of the collecting ducts more permeable so more water can be reabsorbed into the blood

67
Q

where is ADH released from

A

pituitary gland

68
Q

when is more ADH released

A

dehydration

69
Q

when is less ADH released

A

water gain/ over hydration

Biology (9 decks)

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