Respiration and Circulation Flashcards
What is respiration?
Respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell
What kind of reaction is respiration?
It’s exothermic - it transfers energy to the environment
What do organisms use the energy from respiration for? (6)
- Chemical reactions
- Movement
- Cell division
- Nerve impulses
- Active transport
- To maintain homeostasis
What is the metabolism
The sum of all of the reactions that happen in a cell or body
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration using oxygen, it is the complete breakdown of glucose to release energy
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + (energy)
aerobic respiration is the most _________ way to transfer energy from glucose
efficient
Where does aerobic respiration happen?
In the mitochondria
Respiration is a c________ reaction
controlled
What are oxygen and glucose?
reactants
What are carbon dioxide and water
(by) products
What is anaerobic respiration?
It’s the incomplete breakdown of glucose for energy, without using oxygen.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose → lactic acid + (energy) (in animals) or ethanol + carbon dioxide + (energy) (in plants/yeast)
What is the symbol equation for anaerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + (energy) (animals) or C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2C02 + (energy) (plants/yeast)
Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
In the cytoplasm
What does lactic acid cause?
Muscle fatigue and cramps
What is done to rid the body of lactic acid?
it is oxidised to produce carbon dioxide (exhaled out) and water (goes into blood stream) - it is broken down by the liver (can also be converted back to glucose in liver)
What is an oxygen debt?
the amount of oxygen needed to rid the body of lactic acid build up
What is the name for anaerobic respiration that takes place in yeast?
Fermentation
Fermentation in champagne?
ethanol produced is the alcohol in champagne + carbon dioxide makes it bubbly
Fermentation in bread?
Carbon dioxide makes the bread rise
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (5)
- Aerobic - uses oxygen and Anaerobic - doesn’t
- Aerobic - produces CO2 + H20 and Anaerobic produces lactic acid/ ethanol and CO2
- Aerobic releases more energy
- Aerobic is more efficient
- Aerobic takes place in mitochondria and Anaerobic takes place in the cytoplasm
When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When there is not enough oxygen to do aerobic respiration, for example, during vigorous exercise
oxygen debt / oxidation of lactic acid equation
lactic acid + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide
Metabolic reactions are controlled by…
enzymes
What is the metabolic rate?
The rate at which sum of all reactions in a cell or body takes place
Factors that affect metabolic rate
- Age
- Amount of activity they do
- Sex
- Genetics
Examples of metabolic reactions (2)
- conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose
2. The breakdown of excess proteins in the liver to form urea for excretion
What is the energy transferred by respiration in cells used for by the organism?
For the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules
Why do you need more energy when you exercise?
You need more energy when you exercise becuase some of your muscles contract more frequently than normal so you need more energy.
What does the increased demand in respiration in your cells mean?
It means than your cells need to more oxygen and glucose
What is done to get more oxygen into the body to the cells in need, due to the increased demand for respiration due to the need for more energy? - what do these changes also result in?
- Breathing rate increases
- Breathing volume increases
To get more oxygen into the blood - Heart rate increases
To get this oxygenated blood and glucose around the body to the cells that need it faster.
This also results in the quicker removal of carbon dioxide at the same time
When exercise is extremely vigorous, what happens?
The body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles quickly enough, so they must do anaerobic respiration to get at least some energy.
What are the issues with anaerobic respiration?
It causes a build up of lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue and causes the muscles to stop contracting efficiently - the lactic acid must also then be broken down, the amount of oxygen needed to do so is called the oxygen debt
How does the oxygen debt affect the pulse and breathing rate after exercise?
While there are still high levels of lactic acid and CO2 in the body, the pulse and breathing rate stay high to break down the lactic acid, and expel CO2 from the body, oxygenating the blood.
Exercise and Respiration full paragraph
- During exercise, your muscles are contracting more frequently, and therefore, they need more energy
- This need for more energy comes means an increased demand for respiration
- The increase in respiration in your cells means there is a need for more oxygen and glucose
- To cope with this demand for more oxygen and glucose, the breathing rate and breathing volume of the body are increased, which means the blood is oxygen (and glucose rich) and then the heart rate of the body increases to get this needed oxygen and glucose to the cells
- This also causes the removal of CO2 to happen quicker - (and also for any lactic acid present to be broken down quicker?)
- However, during vigorous exercise, the body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles to do aerobic respiration, which means the muscles must do anaerobic respiration to get at least some energy
- This causes a build up of lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue and cramps.
- The lactic acid must be broken down, which takes place by oxidation to produce CO2 and H2O in the liver
- The amount of oxygen needed to do so is called the oxygen dept.
- The heart rate and breathing rate and volume therefore stay high after exercise, while there are still high amounts of CO2 and lactic acid in the blood
