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GCSE Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell - give 2 examples

A

A cell in which the genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus - plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells are the bigger type) 10-100 um

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell - give an example

A

A cell in which the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus, but instead found as a singular circular loop in the cytoplasm (in a region called the nucleoid). (prokaryotic cells are the smaller type) 1 um

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3
Q

List the organelles (subcellular structures) of animal cells (5)

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Ribosomes
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4
Q

List the organelles (subcellular structures) of plant cells (8)

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Cell Wall
  7. Permanent vacuole
  8. Chloroplasts
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5
Q

List the organelles (subcellular structures) of bacteria cells, and their roles (6)

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Cell Wall
  3. Cell membrane
  4. A singular circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm - may also have 1+ small DNA rings called plasmids
  5. Flagellum
  6. ribosomes
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6
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, they are typically microscopic.

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7
Q

List the organelles (subcellular structures) of yeast cells (4)

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cell Wall
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
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8
Q

1m = how many cm

A

100 cm

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9
Q

1cm = how many mm?

A

10mm

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10
Q

1mm = how many micrometres? (um)

A

1000 um

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11
Q

Magnification = ?

A

magnification = size of image / actual specimen size

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12
Q

Definition of a specialised cell

A

A cell that is adapted to perform a specific function

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13
Q

All cells in the body are g__________ i________ (which means..), except for…

A

All cells in the body are genetically identical (contains the same DNA) except for red blood cells and gametes

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14
Q

Why can cells be totally different to each other

A

They have different sections of their DNA “switched on/off”

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15
Q

Specialisations and function(s) of a sperm cell (4)

A

Function: To get the male DNA to the female DNA, fertilise the egg cell - they are specialised for reproduction

  1. Has a flagellum (tail) and streamlined head for fast movement (swimming) towards the egg cell
  2. Acrosome contains enzymes to digest outer layer of the egg
  3. Nucleus contains only half the number of chromosomes needed (23) the rest come from fusion with egg cell during fertilisation - it is a haploid cell
  4. Has lots of mitochondria on it’s middle section, so that lots or aerobic respiration can take place, to release lots of energy, so that the sperm cell has enough energy to move quickly.
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16
Q

Specialisations and function(s) of an egg cell (3)

A

Function: To fuse with the sperm cell and become a fertilised egg

  1. Nucleus contains only half the number of chromosomes needed (23) the rest will come during fusion with the sperm cell during fertilisation - it is a haploid cell
  2. Very large for easy location by sperm cell
  3. Has lot’s of resources in it’s cytoplasm for survival in the fallopian tube of the fertilised egg
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17
Q

Specialisations and function(s) of a nerve cell (5)

A

Function: To carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

  1. They are very long
  2. Axons conduct electricity through the body, and is insulated with a fatty layer (myelin sheath)
  3. Lot’s of dendrites to make connections with other nerve cells
  4. Synapses are adapted to pass the impulses to other cells or between a nerve cell and a muscle using special transmitter chemicals
  5. They contain lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed to make the transmitter chemicals
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18
Q

Specialisations and function(s) of a muscle cell - striated (smooth is the one that forms one of the layers of tissue in the digestive system) (3)

A

Function: To contract quickly

  1. Have lots of mitochondria (so that they can do lots of aerobic respiration and release lots of energy) becuase they need lots of energy in order to contract and move your limb quickly and efficiently
  2. They contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
  3. They can store glycogen - a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration and by mitochondria to transfer energy needed for fibres to contract
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19
Q

Specialisations and function(s) of a red blood cell (5)

A

Function: To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated and expel carbon dioxide and to carry oxygenated blood around to all the orangs of the body

  1. No nucleus to allow for more haemoglobin to be carried
  2. Biconcave disk shape to easily fit through the capillaries of the body
  3. Thin cell membrane allows for rapid diffusion
  4. large surface area due to biconcave shape allow for efficient diffusion due to the high SA:V
  5. Contains haemoglobin - a protein present in red blood cells, responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to cells in the body
20
Q

nucleus?

A

contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell - 6 um

21
Q

cytoplasm?

A

gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions take place. Contains enzymes that control these reactions

22
Q

cell membrane?

A

holds cell together, controls what goes in and out - is permeable (selectively)

23
Q

mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration which releases all the energy the cells need to work - 2 um

24
Q

ribosomes?

A

where proteins are made - 25nm

25
Q

cell wall?

A

Cell Wall - rigid, made of cellulose in plant cells, supports and strengthens the cell

26
Q

permanent vacuole?

A

contains cell sap (weak sugar and salt solution) can give support to the cell when turgid (full) - extra glucose can be stored here

27
Q

chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis, which makes plant food (glucose). They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the needed light - 1-2 um

28
Q

How is genetic material in a bacteria cell found

A

A singular circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm - may also have 1+ small DNA rings called plasmids

29
Q

Role of the flagella

A

Bacteria can have one or more flagella (singular: flagellum). These can rotate or move in a whip-like motion to move the bacterium.

30
Q

Specialisation and function(s) of root hair cells (3)

A

Function: absorbing water and minerals from the soil efficiently

  1. The have a projection which increases the surface area of the plant (and SA:V - meaning the amount of substance diffusing into the cell increases)
  2. They have no chloroplasts - as they have no contact with sunlight
  3. They have lots of mitochondria to release a lot of energy, needed for active transport
31
Q

Specialisation and function(s) of photosynthetic cells (3)

A

Function: Food (glucose) production

  1. Have many chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll (the substance which absorbs sunlight) to do lots of photosynthesis, meaning lots of glucose is produced
  2. Positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of stems for most sunlight exposure
  3. Large permanent vacuole to store all the glucose produced and to keep the cell rigid. - (and even support the stem and keep the leaf spread)
32
Q

Specialisation and function(s) of xylem cells (2)

A

Function: Responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals up the plant stem

  1. Cell walls are strengthened by spirals and rings of lignin to make them strong enough to withstand water pressure
  2. Xylem cells die and form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them
33
Q

Specialisation and function(s) of phloem cells (2)

A

Function: To carry the food made by photosynthesis around the body of the plant

  1. Cell walls between the cells break down to form sieve plates, these allow glucose to travel up and down the tube
  2. Phloem cells are alive, therefore, becuase they loose a lot of their internal structure, they are supported by a companion cell that transfers energy needed and does all their life processes for them
34
Q

What is differentiation?

A

It is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

35
Q

What are stem cells?

A

They are undifferentiated cells

36
Q

When does most differentiation occur?

A

As an organism develops. Most animals loose the ability to differentiate at an early stage, however, lots of plants don’t

37
Q

What are the cells that differentiate in mature animals manly used for?

A

Repairing and replacing cells such as skin or blood cells

38
Q

Stem cells are found in e____ h____ e______

A

Stem cells are found in early human embryos

39
Q

Stem cells can divide to produce…

A

lots more undifferentiated cells

40
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

bone marrow

41
Q

Where in plants are stem cells found?

A

In the meristems (parts of the plan where growth occurs)

42
Q

When can cells in the meristem tissues differentiate into any type of plant cell?

A

Throughout the plants entire life

43
Q

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A

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44
Q

Light microscopes?

A

They use light and lenses to form an image and magnify it. They let us see individual cells and large subcellular structures
They, at best, can magnify an object around x2000

45
Q

Electron microscopes?

A

They use electrons instead of light to form an image, they have a higher magnification and resolution. We can see smaller things in more detail, like the internal structure of mitochondria, using electron microscopes
They, at best, can magnify an object x2000000

46
Q

As a cell differentiates…..

A

it acquires different sub-cellular
structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a
specialised cell

GCSE Biology (5 decks)

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