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OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 5) > RESPIRATION > Flashcards

RESPIRATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiration

A

Process whereby energy stored in complex organic molecules is used to make ATP, organic molecule= contains carbon

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2
Q

Examples of uses of energy

A

Active transport- against concentration gradient
Secretion
Endocytosis
Anabolism- forming larger molecules from smaller, simpler molecules

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3
Q

ATP

A 
Adenosine triphosphate 
Phosphorylated nucleotide 
-contains energy within bonds 
-phosphate group removed 30.6 kj/mol energy released
-hydrolysis
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4
Q

Energy released from reactions

A

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi
ADP + H2O –> AMP + Pi 30.6 kj/mol ^^
AMP + H2O –> A + Pi 14.2

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5
Q

Why is energy released in small amounts

A

Prevents cell damage

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6
Q

Glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

Overview- 1. glucose broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2. process common to aerobic + anaerobic respiration

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7
Q

1st stage of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation of glucose (addition of phosphate on glucose)
ATP –> ADP + Pi
Hexose sugars + 2Pi –> hexose bisphosphate
Glucose cant leave cell as changed shape

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8
Q

2nd stage of glycolysis

A

Split phosphorylated glucose (unstable)
Hexose bisphosphate –> trios phosphate (3C)
Dehydrogenase enzymes remove H from TP, forms rNAD

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9
Q

3rd stage of glycolysis

A

Oxidation of TP to form pyruvate
2x Pi from TP –> 2x ATP
Removal of Pi –> 2x pyruvate

ADP + Pi –> ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)

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10
Q

End products glycolysis

A

2 ATP
2 rNAD
2 pyruvate

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11
Q

Link reaction

A

Mitochondrial matrix
Overview- pyruvate actively transported into mitochondrion to acetyl coenzyme A
No ATP produced
Cycle happens twice for every glucose molecule entering glycolysis

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12
Q

Link: Decarboxylation

A

Removal of carboxyl group

CO2 diffuses out of cell

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13
Q

Link: Dehydrogenase

A

Removal of hydrogen

Reduce coenzyme NAD

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14
Q

Coenzyme A + acetate –>

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

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15
Q

End products of link reaction

A

2 rNAD
2 CO2
2 acetyl coenzyme A

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16
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondria matrix

Overview- 6C –> 4c compound using enzymes

17
Q

Stages of Krebs cycle

A
  1. acetyl release from acetyl CoA from link
  2. acetyl (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) forming citrate (6C)
    -citrate decarboxylated + dehydrogenated= CO2 + rNAD + 5C compound
  3. 5C compound decarboxylated + dehydrogenated = CO2 + rNAD + 4C
  4. 4C combines with CoA
    ADP + Pi –> ATP (substate LP)
    4C dehydrogenated= diff 4C + rFAD
  5. new 4C= dehydrogenated –> oxaloacetate (1st molecule) + rNAD
18
Q

End products of Krebs

A

2 ATP
4 CO2
6 rNAD
2 rFAD

19
Q

What are coenzymes

A

Non-protein compounds

20
Q

Importance of coenzymes: Hydrogen carriers (NAD + FAD)

A

Accepts hydrogen atoms from dehydrogenase enzymes (=reduced)

Carry hydrogen to electron transport system for oxidative phosphorylation

21
Q

Importance of coenzymes: Coenzyme A

A

Carries acetate group made from pyruvate (from Krebs) to form acetyl coenzyme A

22
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation (location + overview)

A

Inner membrane of mitochondrial matrix

Overview- formation of ATP (+ Pi to ADP), presence of oxygen= final electron acceptor

23
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation process

A
  1. NAD reduced to form 2H, release 2e-
  2. 2e- enters e- transport chain (protein carrier)
  3. protein carriers in mitochondrial matrix
  4. 2H diffuse through protein carriers into inner membrane space
  5. chemiosmosis- H+ ions diffuses through channel proteins (ATP synthase), down proton gradient
  6. Pi + ADP –> ATP
  7. oxygen final e- acceptor
24
Q

Electron transport chain

A

H atoms removed from rNAD + rFAD by enzymes
rNAD + rFAD oxidised (donate H atom, recycled)
H atoms split into H + e-
- e- carrier accepts e-= reduced
-protons enter matrix
E- passed along e- carrier chain on inner mitochondrial matrix –> oxygen (final e- acceptor)

25
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  1. e- passed along protein carriers, energy released pumps protons from matrix to inner membrane
  2. proton gradient form
  3. increased concentration of protons in inner membrane space
  4. protons diffuse through protein channels (ATP synthase)
  5. flow of electrons= chemiosmosis
26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A 
Protons flow through ATP synthase 
Joins ADP + Pi --> ATP
End of e- transport chain, e- combines with H+ ions + oxygen to form water
Oxygen= final acceptor 
Oxygen reduced to water
2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 --> H2O
27
Q

Summary of ATP losses + gains

Theoretical + real values

A

rNAD generates 3 ATP
rFAD generates 2 ATP

rNAD –> 2.5 ATP
rFAD –> 1.5 ATP

28
Q

Factors to explain losses + gains of ATP

A

Some protons leak across membrane of mitochondria
Some ATP used to actively transport pyruvate into mitochondria
Some ATP used to transport rNAD made in cytoplasm during glycolysis

29
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

No oxygen to act as final e- acceptor
= no oxidative phosphorylation, link or Krebs (rNAD + rFAD cant be regenerated)

  • only glycolysis
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria not used
30
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Absence of oxygen, pyruvate decarboxylated forming CO2 + ethanol (pyruvate decarboxylase)
Ethanal accepts H atoms from rNAD (-2H) –> NAD as ethanal reduced to ethanol
Ethanal dehydrogenase
Regeneration of NAD= glycolysis
NET 2 ATP from glycolysis (substate level phosphorylation)
NAD doesn’t enter mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation

31
Q

Effect of lowering pH

A

Muscle fatigue

Enzymes affected by pH

32
Q

Process of lactate fermentation

A
  1. vigorous exercise- not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration
  2. pyruvate (from glycolysis) accepts H-atoms from rNAD + is converted to lactate (3C)- lactate dehydrogenase
  3. lactate diffuses into bloodstream to liver
  4. after exercise- lactate oxidised in liver back to pyruvate- respired aerobically to CO2 + H2O in link + Krebs
  5. net 2 ARP produced in glycolysis- substrate level phosphorylation
33
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Oxygen needed to oxidise lactate
-deep breathing after exercise
Lactate –> pyruvate or glucose in living using oxygen
Lactate= fall in pH causing proteins to denature

OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 5) (7 decks)

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