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OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 5) > ANIMAL RESPONSES > Flashcards

ANIMAL RESPONSES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of cerebrum

A

Largest part of human brain
Responsible for elements of the nervous system (e.g. conscious thoughts, imagination)
2 hemispheres, joined by corpus collosum

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2
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Folded surface smaller than cerebrum
Contains over half of the nerve cells in the brain
Responsible for coordination, balance
Processes sensory information from retina, joints + spindle fibres

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3
Q

Function of medulla oblongata

A

Links brain + spinal cord
Controls non-skleletol muscles
Therefore coordinates + controls involuntary movements such as breathing + heart rate
Controls cycles (e.g. respiratory)

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4
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Main control system of autonomic nervous system
Receives sensory input from temperature receptors + osmoreceptors
Initiates automatic responses to regulate temperature and blood water potential
Regulates pituitary gland

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5
Q

Function of pituitary gland

A

Posterior lobe linked by hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland produces six hormones (e.g. FSH)
Posterior pituitary stores + releases hormones produced by hypothalamus (e.g. ADH)

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6
Q

Function, target tissues + effect, number of neurones (myelinated or not) of somatic neurone

A

Controls conscious activities (e.g. movements, reflexes)
Skeletal muscles
Excitatory- muscle contract
One, myelinated

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7
Q

Function, target tissues + effect, number of neurones (myelinated or not) of autonomic neurone

A

Controls homeostasis and mechanisms, regulates internal organs
Smooth and cardiac muscles (+ some glands)
Excitatory or inhibitory- muscle contracts
2 (linked by ganglion outside spinal cord)
Mostly non-myelinated

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8
Q

Compare the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic more active during sleep and relaxation
Sympathetic more active at times of stress
Have antagonistic effects

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9
Q

Structure comparison sympathetic and parasympathetic
Position of ganglion
Length of pre-ganglionic neurone
NT

A

Outside spinal cord, within target tissue
V short, varies
Noradrenaline, ACH

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10
Q

Neuromuscular junctions

A
  1. AP causes v-gated Ca2+ channels to open, Ca2+ diffuses in
  2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicle to move + fuse with the presynaptic membrane + release ACH into cleft (exocytosis)
  3. ACH diffuses across cleft + binds to receptors on sarcolemma= Na+ open
  4. Na+ floods in= depolarisation down t-tubules
  5. CA2+ channels open + diffuse out sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Ca2+ binds with proteins in muscles= contraction
  7. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACH so contraction only occurs with an impulse
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11
Q

What is a reflex

A

Rapid + involuntary

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12
Q

Process of a reflex

A

Stimulus detected by receptor
Impulse- sensory- spinal cord
Either passes directly to the motor neurone or to a relay then motor
If relay- synapses with other CNS neurones= consisted awareness

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13
Q

Blinking reflex

A
  1. sensory neurone from cornea seeds impulse to brains stem
  2. synapse with unmyelinated relay neurones
  3. motor cause facial muscles to contract= blink
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14
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A
  1. patella tendon stretches, stretch receptors detect change in length
  2. sensory neurone stimulates motor
  3. extensor muscle contracts + straightens leg
  4. at the same time- impulse from sensory- relay= relaxes flexor muscle
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15
Q

Fight or flight response

Physiological changes

A

Increased HR
Pupils dilate
Erector pili muscles in skin contract
Ventilation and depth increases

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16
Q

Cascade effect

A
  1. stimulus (visual/auditory)
  2. cerebral understands threat= activate hypothalamus
  3. increased activity in sympathetic nervous system
  4. adrenaline released
  5. anterior pituitary gland releases adreno-corticotrophic hormone
  6. stimulates production go cortisol
  7. cortisol releases glucose
17
Q

SAN/pacemaker

A

Controls HR at rest
Initiates AP
Excitation travels over atrial walls, through AVN, down purine tissue to the ventricles= contraction

18
Q

Nervous control
Stretch receptors
Baroreceptor
Chemoreceptor

A

Sensory neurone sends message to cardiovascular centre
Stretch receptor in muscles- detect movement of limbs, indicates increased O2 will be needed (increase HR)
Baroreceptor- in carotid artery (aorta, vena cava)- detects changes in pressure
Chemo- brain, aorta, detect change sin pH- reduced pH= increased CO2= increase HR

19
Q

Hormonal control

A

Adrenaline binds to receptors in cardiac muscles, increases force + rate of HR

20
Q

Voluntary (skeleton muscles)

A

Striated bands of actin + myosin
Cylindrical
Multinucleate

Found in limbs + intercostal muscles

Moves bones at joints

21
Q

Involuntary (smooth)

A

Non striated
Uninucleate

Bronchi, bronchioles, arteries, arterioles, gut, oesophagus

Controls diameter of above

22
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Striated
Branched
Uninucleate

In heart
Pumps blood around the body

23
Q

Skeletol muscle structure

A 
Thousands of muscle fibres
Surrounded by sarcolemma (cell mem) with many deep foldings (t-tubules)
Sarcoplasm- contains mitochondria 
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibrils- myosin + actin
24
Q

Thick myosin filaments

A

Bundles of fibrous proteins
Myosin tail attached to M-line + a head
Heads point away from M-line

25
Q

Thin actin filaments

A

Two heliacal strands of globular proteins
Coiled around fibrous proteins= tropomyosin
Attached at regular intervals to tropomyosin + actin

26
Q

Muscle contraction sequence

A
  1. impulse= Ca2+ being released into sarcoplasm
  2. bind to troponin causing it to change shape
  3. moves tropomyosin + exposes binding sites
  4. myosin heads attach forming cross bridges, they end to create a power stroke
  5. ATP attacks to the myosin heads causing them to detach from biding sites, hydrolysed to form ADP + Pi
  6. myosin heads attach to new binding sites
27
Q

ATP for muscle contraction

A

ATP= immediate energy source
Creatine phosphate= held with muscle sarcoplasm + creates ATP
Blood= oxygen + glucose for aerobic
Glycogen reserves found in muscle fibres + oxygen in oxymyoglobin
Anaerobic= casques arctic acid build up

28
Q

Electromyograph

A

Small electric signal cane detected through electrodes placed on skin surface

29
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system conserve energy

A
  1. slows heart rate- less energy used for muscle contraction
  2. reduces force of heart rate- less energy for muscle contraction
  3. breathing rate reduced- diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
30
Q

What happens after myosin heads are detached from binding sites

A

Hydrolysis of ATP (ATP–> ADP + Pi) needed for myosin head to return to original position

31
Q

How do neurotransmitters move through cleft

A

Via microtubules

32
Q

Synthesis of proteins allows for what

A

Repair and growth

33
Q

What is used to hydrolyse ATP into ADP

A

Creatine phosphate

OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 5) (7 decks)

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