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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of respiration

A

The process by which energy is released from the chemical bonds in glucose.

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2
Q

What is the site of respiration in living organisms? Why do some cells contain more of this than others? Give examples

A

Mitochondria

Muscle cells for example have more mitochondria because a lot of respiration is carried out in them and needs more energy whereas in fat cells they don’t do much and so don’t need a lot of energy

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3
Q

How are muscle cells adapted to release a lot of energy?

A

Many mitochondria
Packed closely together
Large surface area for diffusion
Can store glucose as glycogen

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4
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+ ATP)

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5
Q

What is ATP and what does it do?

A

Adenosine triphosphate - a molecule that is able to store energy in a similar way to a battery. It directly provides the energy needed for cells.

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6
Q

Balanced equation for aerobic respiration. Describe where each reactant comes from and describe what happens to the products

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ ATP)

Glucose comes from digested and absorbed food
Oxygen is inhaled from air

Carbon dioxide is exhaled into the air
Water is used by the body or excreted through the kidneys
ATP is used in cells to keep them healthy

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7
Q

Four ways that energy from respiration is used

A

To keep warm
To enable muscles to contract
To build up large molecules from small ones
In active transport of substances across the membranes

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8
Q

Experiment to see how much carbon dioxide is produced using respiration using hydrogen carbonate indicator and maggots. Conclusion and what life processes are happening

A

Conclusion - the more maggots there are, the further towards the yellow end of the scale the hydrogen carbonate indicator changes because more maggots will produce more carbon dioxide

What life processes are going on? - the maggots are alive so they are respiring and producing carbon dioxide.

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9
Q

What colour will it change?

A 
Concentration + Indicator turns
 Highest -Yellow
 Higher -Orange
 Atmospheric level - Red
 Low  -Magenta
 Lowest - Purple

More carbon dioxide, the indicator will turn yellow. Less carbon dioxide it will turn purple.
The indicator will turn orange/red in colour when equilibrated with a atmospheric level.

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10
Q

Respiring peas and boiled peas experiment - used to provide evidence that energy is released during respiration.

Independent, dependent and control variables
Explanation of what it looks like
Why were the peas sterilized?

A

Independent variable - whether the peas are alive or dead
Dependent variable - temperature
Control variables - amount of peas, the same species, temperature

You put the alive peas in one vacuum flask and boiled peas in another vacuum flask. You are meant to measure the temperature in the flask over a period of time.

In the end, the peas that are respiring’s temperature increased and this is because they are alive and respiration releases heat. Whereas, the dead peas could not respire and therefore doesn’t release heat energy.

The peas are sterlised with disinfectant to kill the microbes, microbes respire and so they affect the results. If they weren’t, there would be an increase in temperature.

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11
Q

Definition of anaerobic respiration

A

The release of a relatively small amount of energy in cells by the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.

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12
Q

Can cells perform aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration at the same time?

A

When aerobic respiration is using all the available oxygen but still can’t supply the energy needed, anaerobic respiration happens as well as aerobic respiration

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13
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + ATP

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14
Q

Balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 —> 2C3H6O3 + ATP

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15
Q

Which type of respiration provides more energy? And why does this respiration provide less?

A

Aerobic respiration provides more

Anaerobic provides less because the glucose is not completely broken down and so much less energy is released

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16
Q

Which substance builds and where during vigorous exercise?

A

There is a build up of lactic acid in the muscles

17
Q

What can lactic acid be oxidized into? 2 products

A

Carbon dioxide and water

18
Q

What does EPOC stand for and what is the more common name for EPOC

A

Excess
Post exercise
Oxygen
Consumption

It is often referred to as oxygen debt

19
Q

What does EPOC cause us to do after exercise has finished?

A

EPOC is the reason why we keep on breathing deeply for a few minutes. We are using the extra oxygen to break down the lactic acid.

20
Q

Which animals often respire anaerobically?

A

Diving animals such as whales and seals often because they spend long periods of time underwater where oxygen is not accessible to them

21
Q

When might plant cells respire anaerobically?

A

It can occur in root hair cells of plants if they are waterlogged soil and also occurs inside parts of plants where diffusion of oxygen is too slow

22
Q

Which microorganism can respire anaerobically?

A

Yeast

23
Q

What is the other name for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Fermentation

24
Q

Give examples of how the anaerobic respiration of yeast can be used to our advantage

A

It can be used during brewing and bread making

25
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi such as yeast?

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

26
Q

What is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

C6H12O6 —> 2C3H5OH + 2CO2

27
Q

How does anaerobic respiration aid the production of alcoholic drinks

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast produces ethanol which is the alcohol found in alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine

28
Q

How does anaerobic respiration aid the production of bread

A

In bread making, the bubbles of carbon dioxide gas expand the dough and help the bread to rise.

29
Q

Differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

A 
Aerobic respiration
Glucose reacts with oxygen
Uses glucose as an reactant 
The end products are carbon dioxide and water
Releases a large amount of energy
Anaerobic respiration
Happens in the absence of oxygen
Glucose is an reactant
Lactic acid is the end product
Releases small amounts of energy

Biology (10 decks)

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