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Human Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do simple, unicellular organisms rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cells?

A

Because they have a large surface area: volume ratio

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2
Q

What is the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms?

A

They have a small surface area: volume ratio which means diffusion is too slow as some of the organisms are too big. The cells in our body need glucose and oxygen and they need to get rid of waste products. They need a transport system to get these substances around the body fast enough.

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3
Q

What is the transport system called in multicellular organisms?

A

Circulatory System

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4
Q

What does the human transport system consist of?

A

Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels

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5
Q

What is the blood?

A

The blood is a tissue as it contains a variety of cell types suspended in plasma.
The blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

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6
Q

What does plasma look like and what is their function?

A

Straw coloured liquid
Carries all the different cells along
Acts like a solvent

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7
Q

Which substances does the human transport carry around the body? (6)

A
  1. Carbon dioxide - dissolves in the plasma and travels to the lungs to be breathed out.
  2. Urea - the plasma carries the urea from the lungs to the kidneys to be made into urine.
  3. Small soluble products of digestion (glucose for example) - the plasma carries this from the small intestine to every cell in the body.
  4. Hormones - the plasma carries this to their target organ. E.g hormone (ADH) to kidney.
  5. Heat energy - carried around to help maintain body temperature.
  6. It also carries red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
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8
Q

What makes the blood look red?

A

The red blood cells as they contain haemoglobin

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9
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell?

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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10
Q

How are the red blood cells adapted to do its function? (4)

A
  1. No nucleus so that there is more room for carrying oxygen because they can hold more haemoglobin. This means that they can’t divide to make new cells. The liver gets rid of the old ones and the bone marrow creates new ones.
  2. They contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. This is how they transport oxygen around the body. The oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen when it reaches the cell.
  3. They have a biconcave disc which gives the cell a large surface to volume area for absorbing oxygen by diffusion.
  4. They are really small and flexible so that they can squeeze through the smallest capillaries.
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11
Q

People who live at high altitudes have a higher red blood cell count than people who live at sea level. Why do some athletes choose to train at high altitudes before a major competition?

A

They acquire more red blood cells which allows their blood to carry more oxygen. This means more aerobic respiration is there which means more energy, less fatigue and therefore a better performance.

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12
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

They are a part of the immune system. They help the body fight infections and other diseases.

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13
Q

What are the two mains groups of the white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

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14
Q

How can the body tell if the infections are foreign and if they should attack them?

A

The body has particular shaped antigens whilst foreign cells have different shaped antigens and so can tell if they are foreign and then can attack them

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15
Q

What are antigens?

A

A protein on the surface of a substance that triggers a immune response.

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16
Q

Function of a phagocyte and the name of the process

A

They engulf pathogens by flowing around them until they are completely enclosed and digest and kill them. This is called phagocytosis.

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17
Q

Function of a lymphocyte

A

They produce antibodies that specifically match the pathogen. They attach to the surface of the antigens of the pathogen and they either attract phagocytes to engulf the pathogen or cause the pathogen to break open.
They also produce memory cells.
They also produce antitoxins which neutralise the harmful toxins produced by microorganisms.

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18
Q

Why do lymphocytes produce memory cells?

A

Memory cells remain in the blood long after the pathogen has been destroyed. If they meet the pathogen again, they make lots of antibodies quickly which kills the pathogen before you can become ill. You are now immune to the pathogen.

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19
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

· Vaccine injects a weakened or dead version of the pathogen so that it doesn’t cause illness but still has antigens on its surface
· Lymphocytes respond to the antigens on the pathogen in the vaccine and produce antibodies specific to that pathogen
· These antibodies destroy the pathogen
· Lymphocytes also produce memory cells which remain in the blood - if the same pathogen enters the body in future memory cells instantly recognise it and stimulate lymphocytes to produce more antibodies and faster
· The pathogen is destroyed before any symptoms develop = immunity

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20
Q

Why is it possible to catch a cold/influenza etc more than once in a lifetime?

A

The pathogens that cause the infections can mutate, changing the shape of their surface molecules frequently so memory cells do not recognise them when the pathogen infects you the next time.

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21
Q

Do lymphocytes have a nucleus?

A

A large nucleus

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22
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of larger cells

No nucleus

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23
Q

Why are platelets important?

A

They are important in blood clotting
· They respond to damaged blood vessels by releasing an enzyme which causes the formation of a fibrous protein called fibrin. Fibrin traps other platelets and red blood cells to form a clot. This clot prevents you from bleeding to death and forms a scab, which protects the new skin and prevents bacteria getting into the body

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24
Q

In mammals, why is the circulatory system called a double circulatory system?

A

Because blood flows through the heart twice for every single time it flows through the body tissues.

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25
Q

Why is double circulation necessary?

A

Because blood pressure in the circulation through the tissues can be kept higher than through the lungs. The high pressure needed to get blood all the way to the limbs and back would burst the tiny capillaries in the lungs which are much closer to the heart.

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26
Q

What does the double circulatory system ensure that?

A

That the oxygenated blood is kept separate from deoxygenated blood allowing fast delivery of fully oxygenated blood to cells that need it for respiration.

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27
Q

What is the heart? (3)

A

An organ that pumps blood expanding in size as it fills with blood and then contracting forcing the blood out. It is made up of muscle. It contracts approximately 60 times per min.

28
Q

Why do you feel one heartbeat and not two? And what does this prevent?

A

The two sides of heart are separate but fill and empty at the same time so you feel one heartbeat. Prevents oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from mixing.

29
Q

What type of blood does the right hand side pump and where does it pump it to?

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs to collect oxygen.

30
Q

What type of blood does the left hand side pump and where to?

A

Oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

31
Q

What does the heart consist of?

A

Four chambers of two types
Two atria
Two ventricles

32
Q

Where are the valves found and what is their role?

A

They are found at the point where the blood vessels leave the heart and between the atria and the ventricles. They prevent the back flow of the blood and makes sure that the blood is flowing in the right direction.

33
Q

What is the septum?

A

It divides the two sides of the heart preventing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.

34
Q

Which chamber contracts first?Why doesn’t the atria and ventricles contract at the same time?

A

First the atria contracts, then immediately after the ventricles contract to move the blood through the heart.So that the ventricles can completely fill the blood.

35
Q

What are the step to step flow of the blood through the heart? (6)

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood from the body series via the vena cava and enters through the right atrium. (Right is first as it’s the most common)
  2. Contraction of the right atrium passes blood to the right ventricle.
  3. Contraction of the right ventricle forces deoxygenated blood out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to collect oxygen and get rid of the carbon dioxide.
  4. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.
  5. Contraction of the left atrium passes blood to the left ventricle.
  6. Contraction of the left ventricles forces oxygenated blood out through the aorta towards the rest of the body.
36
Q

What do the coronary arteries do? And if there was a blockage in this what would happen?

A

They supply the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose. Heart attack

37
Q

What are some risk factors of getting CHD? (10)

A 
Family history
Smoking
High blood pressure
High levels of salt in the diet.
High levels of saturated fat in the diet
Diabetes
Lack of exercise
Obesity
Excessive alcohol intake
Stress
38
Q

What is a pulse?

A

The expansion and contraction of the artery wall as the blood passes through it over a bone.

39
Q

What is a resting heart rate?

A

The rate at which the heart beats when the person is at rest

40
Q

Give 3 factors that may affect resting heart rate and state how they affect it

A

Age - children usually have a faster average of a heart rate than adults
Fitness - people who regularly exercise have a lower heart rate because their heart is stronger and can pump out more blood on each contraction.

Illness - infections can raise the resting heart rate but some can lower the resting heart rate.

41
Q

What happens to the heart rate when you exercise? And why?

A

It increases in order to pump more blood more rapidly around the body. This supplies oxygen and glucose more rapidly to respiring cells and removes waste products more rapidly.

42
Q

What 2 things control the heart rate?

A

Nerves and the hormone adrenaline.

43
Q

What is adrenaline and where is it produced?

A

A hormone and is produced in the adrenal glands (which is above the kidneys).

44
Q

When is adrenaline released and what effect does it have on the heart rate?

A

It releases when the brain detects a situation of fear, threat and excitement. It increases the heart rate.

45
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline often called?

A

‘Fight’ or ‘flight’ response because it prepares the body for action.

46
Q

Which cells in particular will need more oxygen and glucose during exercise and why?

A

Muscle cells so that they can contract and expand.

47
Q

What are the three main different types of blood vessels and their functions?

A

Arteries - carry blood away from the heart (remember arteries start with a and so does away)

Veins - these carry blood to the heart and contain valves ( remember veins start with v and so does valves)

Capillaries - these are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues.

48
Q

What is the vena cava? What does it carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to?

A

It is a vein (both start with v) and it carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

49
Q

What does the pulmonary artery carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

50
Q

What does the pulmonary vein carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to?

A

Oxygenated from the lungs to the heart

51
Q

What does the aorta carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to? What is the aorta?

A

An artery (both start with a) they carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

52
Q

What does the renal vein carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to?

A

Deoxygenated from the kidney to the heart.

53
Q

What does the renal artery carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to?

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys

54
Q

What does the hepatic vein carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the liver to the heart

55
Q

What does the hepatic artery carry? Where does it get the blood from? And where does it carry it to?

A

Oxygenated from the heart to the liver

56
Q

What do all the arteries carry except pulmonary artery?

A

Oxygenated (arteries are your favourite!)

57
Q

What do all the veins carry except the pulmonary vein?

A

Deoxygenated

58
Q

Which organ does pulmonary have to do with?

Which organ does hepatic have to do with?

Which organ does renal have to do with?

A

Lungs (pul = pulling the lungs)

Liver (she has a heavy liver)

Kidnehs ( rina has bad kidneys)

59
Q

What are the characteristics/adaptations of arteries? (8)

A

The blood in arteries is at a very high blood pressure because it has been forced out of the heart by the contraction of the ventricles.

They have very strong walls to be able to cope with the high pressure of the blood flowing through them.

They have a pulse.

They have thick muscular walls which protects the arteries from bursting when pressure increases.

They have elastic fibres in their walls which allows the walls to stretch and recoil back into place to maintain the high pressure.

The lumen is narrow.

Muscle fibres are important because this helps them withstand high pressure and temperature control.

They do not need valves because the force of the heart beat keeps the blood moving quickly.

60
Q

What are the characteristics and adaptations and function of the capillaries? (6)

A

Tiny blood vessels that flow through every tissue and connect arteries to veins.

Very small so that they can reach every part of the body.

Function – take oxygen and nutrients to cells and take waste products away.

They have very thin walls (one cell thick) which means that the substances can diffuse in and out quickly.

The capillaries carry away a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

No pulse

61
Q

What are the characteristics and adaptations for veins? (5)

A

Veins are at a much lower pressure than in the arteries.

No pulse

Because of the previous points, they do not need thick strong elastic walls but they do need valves to stop the blood from flowing backwards.

They have a wide lumen which allows the blood to flow more easily back to the heart.

Less muscle and elastics tissue than arteries.

62
Q

Which blood vessel should you use to get a measure of haemglobin?

A

It is a vein as it has a wider lumen, it travels at a much lower pressure than the arteries and it has valves which prevents the back flow of the blood. And it does not have a pulse.

63
Q

What is the independent variable? Is it ok the x axis or y?
What is the dependent variable? X axis or y axis?
What is the controlled variable?

A

Independent- the variable that is altered during a scientific experiment - x axis
Dependent - the variable being measured or tested. Y axis
Controlled - a variable that is kept the same

64
Q

Adaptations of white blood cells

A

They have a large nucleus so that it can produce antibodies

It has an irregular shape which allows them to engulf pathogens.

65
Q

Sequence of events leading up to a heart attack

A
  1. Fatty deposits (plaques) containing cholesterol build up in the coronary arteries
  2. A blood clot can form on a fatty deposit
  3. The blood clot or the fatty deposit can block a coronary artery
  4. Some heart muscle cells do not get the oxygen and nutrients they need
  5. These cells start to die so that part of the heart cannot continue to contract causing a heart attack.

Biology (10 decks)

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