Respiration Flashcards
What is the primary function of respiration?
Gas exchange
What is the pleural space?
A fluid filled sack wrapping around lungs connecting to ribcage
Describe the layers of the pleura getting closer and closer to the lungs
Parietal pleura
Intrapleural fluid
Visceral pleura
The pressure of the intrapleural space is (positive/negative)
Negative
How do lungs operate?
negative pressure pump (mechanical)
List the subdivisions of the airways
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles,
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
What are the 4 functions of the conducting pathways?
- Defense against bacterial infection/foreign particles (Mucociliary defense system)
- Warm and moisten air
- Sound/speech
- Regulation of air flow (smooth muscle can contract/relax to alter resistance)
What are the tyo circulations in the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation: brings mixed venous blood to the lungs allowing the blood to get oxygenated
Bronchial circulation: supplies oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the tracheobronchial tree (allows the airways to get oxygenated)
What are the three types of alveolar cells?
- Epithelial cells: Type I and II, Type II secretes surfactant, type I we have no idea
- Endothelial cells: Constitute the walls of the pulmonary capillaries (very thin)
- Alveolar macrophages (housekeeping/defense)
Name the 3 principal and 2 accessory muscles of inspiration
External intercostals
Parasternal intercartilaginous muscles
Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus
What muscles are involved in quiet expiration?
None (expiration results from passive recoil of lungs)
What are the 5 muscles involved in active expiration?
Internal intercostals (except for the parasternal intercartilaginous muscles) Abdominal muscles Rectus Abdominis External Oblique Internal Oblique Transversus Abdominis
What servical segments provide the phrenic nerves that innervate the diaphragm?
Segments 3, 4, and 5
What is tidal volume?
The volume that is expired during normal breathing
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The distance from the maximum of tidal volume to the maximum possible inspiration
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The volume of air that can be expelled after expiring from tidal volume
What is residual volume?
The volume from 0 to the base of expiratory reserve volume
What is Vital capacity?
The amount of air from maximum inspiration to maximum expiration
What is functional residual capacity?
The amount of air in the lungs when expiring from tidal volume
What is inspiratory capacity?
The amound of air that could be inspired when expiring from tidal volume
What is total lung capacity?
The amount of oxygen from maximum inspiration to 0
How do you measure FRC?
Patient exhales and places mouth on tube connected to a container filled with radiolabelled gas
inspires labelled gas
You had the initial volume and concentration of the gas, you can calculate the final concentration of the gas, then use C1xV1 = C2xV2
FRC = (C1 x V1/C2) - V1
What is minute ventilation and how is it calculated?
The amount of air inspired (or expired) in one minute (V_E)
V_E = V_T x f
Where V_T is tidal volume and f is the numer of breaths per minute
Normally: V_T = 500 mL, f = 12 breaths/min
V_E = 6000 mL/min
What is anatomical dead space?
The amount of air that remains in conducting airways during respiration
Approximately 150 mL